☆ 4.8 Review

Tunable Liquid Lenses: Emerging Technologies and Future Perspectives

LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS (2023)

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Article Optics

Triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens with large-aperture and high zoom ratio

Jin-Bo Xu et al.

Summary: We propose a triple-layer spherical electrowetting liquid lens with large-aperture and high zoom ratio. The design utilizes a spherical chamber and three layers of liquid to create independent liquid-liquid interfaces and control surface shapes. Experimental results show that the lens has a high zoom ratio and compact design, making it highly promising for various applications.

OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING (2023)

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Review Optics

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Ruicong Zhang et al.

Summary: With the development of optical technologies, transparent materials with switchable optical properties have gained attention for their potential as advanced light protection materials. Liquid crystals (LCs) are considered one of the best candidates due to their responsiveness and unique optical properties. This review provides an overview of LC-based methods for light protection, including different light sources, light modulation principles, and current protection strategies. It also discusses the problems and shortcomings of current strategies and proposes suggestions for further development of LC materials in the field of light protection.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2023)

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Article Optics

Active terahertz beam steering based on mechanical deformation of liquid crystal elastomer metasurface

Xiaolin Zhuang et al.

Summary: A C-shape-split-ring-based phase discontinuity metasurface with a liquid crystal elastomer substrate is introduced for infrared modulation of terahertz wavefront. By manipulating the deflection of the substrate, controllable and broadband wavefront steering is achieved, with a maximum output angle change of 22 degrees at 0.68 THz. The liquid crystal elastomer metasurface also demonstrates the performance of a beam steerer, frequency modulator, and tunable beam splitter, which are highly desired in terahertz wireless communication and imaging systems.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2023)

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Article Optics

Dynamic performance of a membrane-based variable focus lens with a large aperture

Zenghong Duan et al.

Summary: This paper presents a mathematical model to describe the spring-damping phenomenon of a membrane-based variable focus lens. The first order natural frequencies were confirmed through finite element analysis. An experimental platform was built to measure the dynamic response with different optical apertures and pre-stretching ratios. The experimental results were consistent with the mathematical model, showing an increase in the first order natural frequency with decreasing aperture or increasing membrane stiffness. This frequency-dependent characteristic provides a basis for further research on the dynamic performance of variable focus lenses.

APPLIED OPTICS (2023)

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Article Optics

Mold-free self-assembled scalable microlens arrays with ultrasmooth surface and record-high resolution

Zhihao Liu et al.

Summary: Microlens arrays based on selective wetting offer a new approach for compact and miniaturized imaging and display with ultra-high resolution. However, current selective wetting lenses are limited by the lack of precise pattern for highly controllable wettability contrast, which hinders the practical high-performance microlens arrays.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Embedded 3D Printing of Multimaterial Polymer Lattices via Graph-Based Print Path Planning

Robert D. D. Weeks et al.

Summary: Recent advancements in computational design and 3D printing technology have allowed for the fabrication of polymer lattices that have a high strength-to-weight ratio and tailored mechanics. However, limitations with most commercial 3D printing platforms have only allowed for the construction of monolithic 3D lattices. This study demonstrates the use of embedded three-dimensional (EMB3D) printing to create multi-material polymer lattices, enabling the fabrication of a wide range of periodic and stochastic lattices with tailored mechanical responses by printing multiple materials with different mechanical properties.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Optics

Adaptive micro-projection system based on liquid lens

Chao Liu et al.

Summary: In this paper, an adaptive micro-projection system based on liquid lens is proposed, which can work within a distance range of 150mm to 310mm. By synchronously controlling the refresh of the LCoS and the sequential lighting of the three-color light source, a 60 Hz color video display can be realized. The system has the characteristics of fast response, portability, integration and high adaptability and is expected to be used in VR, AR, on-board display, head-mounted display, etc.

OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Optics

3D Sub-Diffraction Printing by Multicolor Photoinhibition Lithography: From Optics to Chemistry

Minfei He et al.

Summary: Photoinhibition lithography (PIL) is a nanoscale fabrication technique that enables super-resolution 3D printing through the control and confinement of exposed regions for photoinitiation with multicolor visible light. It has diverse applications in photonics, data storage, and biotechnology, with ongoing research on sub-diffraction printing and high-throughput fabrication. Challenges and potential solutions are being discussed to drive technological breakthroughs in PIL for improved resolution and throughput.

LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS (2022)

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Article Optics

Variable-focus liquid lens based on electrically responsive fluid

Miao Xu et al.

Summary: This work demonstrates an adaptive liquid lens using a novel transparent electrically responsive fluid, DBA. The DBA liquid lens with a hemispherical piano-convex shape can change its curvature according to various input voltages. The proposed DBA liquid lens exhibits high optical transmittance, good thermal stability, and excellent imaging property.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

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Article Optics

Varifocal liquid lens driven by a conical dielectric elastomer actuator

Yang Cheng et al.

Summary: In this paper, a varifocal liquid lens driven by a conical dielectric elastomer actuator is proposed and demonstrated. The lens exhibits a compact size, adjustable focal length range, and fast response time, making it suitable for various imaging systems.

APPLIED OPTICS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Flexible Wire Electrode Driving Focus-Tunable Electrowetting Optofluidic Lens

Tao Chen et al.

Summary: This article proposes a method for manufacturing an electrowetting-on-dielectrics (EWOD) liquid lens based on a flexible wire electrode, and verifies its practicality and superior performance through experiments. It also points out the potential of this fabrication process for producing other optofluidic components.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2022)

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Review Optics

Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications

Kun Yin et al.

Summary: Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and photonic devices are crucial for augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). The emerging HDR mini-LED backlit LCDs improve image quality and brightness while reducing power consumption for VR displays. High-resolution-density and high-brightness liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) show promise as image sources for see-through AR displays, especially in high ambient lighting conditions.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2022)

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Review Optics

Dielectric metalens for miniaturized imaging systems: progress and challenges

Meiyan Pan et al.

Summary: Dielectric metalenses, as a lightweight and miniaturized optical imaging system, offer a disruptive path for small-scale imaging systems by locally controlling light waves. Recent advances in design and nanofabrication have led to high-performance practical optical systems. However, challenges such as limitations in conventional design methods and difficulties in scaling up and device integration still need to be addressed.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2022)

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Review Optics

Liquid crystal-based structural color actuators

Pei Zhang et al.

Summary: Animals can modify their body shape and color for protection, inspiring the development of actuator with color changes. Liquid crystal-based actuators offer a promising approach for achieving structural color changes.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Lens-Based Optical Tactile Sensor with a Touch-Sensing Separable Structure

Hui Yang et al.

Summary: In this study, a low-cost optical tactile sensor with a touch-sensing separable structure is designed and fabricated based on the liquid lens. It offers high sensitivity, fast response, and prominent interference immunity, making it suitable for health monitoring and multichannel sensing.

ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES (2022)

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Article Optics

Continuous optical zoom microscope with extended depth of field and 3D reconstruction

Chao Liu et al.

Summary: This paper demonstrates a continuous optical zoom microscope with extended depth of field and 3D reconstruction. It utilizes a zoom objective lens composed of liquid lenses and solid lenses which can achieve a large continuous magnification by adjusting the applied voltage. Improved shape from focus (SFF) algorithm and image fusion algorithm are designed for 3D reproduction. The proposed microscope shows the feasibility of extended depth of field and 3D reconstruction.

PHOTONIX (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Non-aqueous organic solution based on a large-aperture spherical electrowetting liquid lens with a wide tunable focal length range

Jinbo Xu et al.

Summary: This paper proposes a large-aperture spherical electrowetting liquid lens based on non-aqueous organic solution, which has a wide tunable focal length range and excellent image quality.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C (2022)

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Review Robotics

Electrically Tunable Lenses: A Review

Leihao Chen et al.

Summary: This paper reviews the current research status of optical lenses with electrically controllable focal length technology, including scope of application, principle classification, advantages and disadvantages, aiming to promote further development in this field.

FRONTIERS IN ROBOTICS AND AI (2021)

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Article Optics

Zoom liquid lens employing a multifocal Fresnel zone plate

Lei Li et al.

Summary: A zoom liquid lens employing a multifocal Fresnel zone plate is proposed, with advantages including increased depth of focus and focal length tuning range, allowing removal of traditional zooming mechanisms in cameras and simultaneous collection of images with different magnifications.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cell properties assessment using optimized dielectrophoresis-based cell stretching and lumped mechanical modeling

Imman I. Hosseini et al.

Summary: The explicit model presented in this study uses the Maxwell Stress Tensor for single-cell mechanical evaluation based on the DEP method. By considering cells' mechanical and electrical properties, the model successfully distinguishes between different types of cells, providing an opportunity for cell searching in blood samples.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Optics

Optical beam steering using liquid-based devices

Yang Cheng et al.

Summary: The non-mechanical optical beam steering method using liquid-based devices has gained attention for its unique advantages such as polarization independence, wide broadband, low power consumption, and long lifetime. This review provides insights into the working principles, performance comparisons, representative applications, challenges, and future prospects of optical beam steering using liquid-based devices, aiming to attract more attention to this research field.

OPTICS AND LASERS IN ENGINEERING (2021)

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Article Optics

Design and characteristics of a Maxwell force-driven liquid lens

Xiaomin Song et al.

Summary: This study introduces a varifocal liquid lens formed by electrowetting and dielectrophoretic effects, proposing a Maxwell force-driven liquid lens with a large aperture and low threshold voltage. By utilizing the polarization effect to generate Maxwell force, the threshold voltage decreases sharply with an increase in liquid volume, potentially expanding the aperture of the liquid lens to the centimeter level. The lens transitions from concave to convex as Maxwell force increases, showing promise for applications in light-sheet microscopes and virtual reality systems.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Optics

Extended depth-of-field projection method using a high-speed projector with a synchronized oscillating variable-focus lens

Hongjin Xu et al.

Summary: This research proposes a solution to extend the depth of field of projector-based virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) displays using a variable-focus lens and a high-speed projector. The experiment confirms that the system can project well-focused and dynamically changeable content on multiple planes, with a projection range varying from 0.3 m to 1.5 m and a refresh rate of 166.7 Hz.

APPLIED OPTICS (2021)

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Review Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Optical zoom imaging systems using adaptive liquid lenses

Yang Cheng et al.

Summary: This review article focuses on state-of-the-art research on novel optical zoom imaging systems using adaptive liquid lenses. It introduces the principles, configurations, and working principles of adaptive liquid lenses in these systems, reviews representative applications, and discusses the opportunities and challenges. The aim is to attract more attention to further develop the next-generation optical zoom imaging systems.

BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS (2021)

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Article Optics

Lipid droplets as endogenous intracellular microlenses

Xixi Chen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates the use of lipid droplets in mature adipose cells as biocompatible microlenses, enhancing microscopic imaging and signal detection abilities. Optical tweezers are used to manipulate and achieve real-time imaging, while reducing excitation power by up to 73%. The lipidic microlenses facilitate efficient imaging of extracellular cancer cell fluorescence signals, opening up new possibilities for multifunctional biocompatible optics tools in biophotonics.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2021)

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Article Optics

Accelerated electrowetting-based tunable fluidic lenses

Pengpeng Zhao et al.

Summary: This study proposes methods to enhance the response speed of electrowetting-based tunable fluidic lenses by optimizing fluid properties and modifying actuation voltages. Through simulations and careful design of actuation pulses, the response time can be significantly reduced, improving the performance of the systems.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Optics

IlluminatedZoom: spatially varying magnified vision using periodically zooming eyeglasses and a high-speed projector

Tatsuyuki Ueda et al.

Summary: This paper presents a novel optical see-through spatial zooming glasses technology that enables interactive control of the perceived sizes of real-world appearances through the combination of periodically fast zooming eyeglasses and a synchronized high-speed projector.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Optics

Tunable fluidic lens with a dynamic high-order aberration control

Pengpeng Zhao et al.

Summary: This paper presents a tunable optofluidic lens controlled by 32 azimuthally placed electrodes, which can correct and compensate for most aberrations up to the fourth radial Zernike order. The ability to control the meniscus shape with high spatial accuracy allows for focal length tunability and reduction in imaging aberrations, demonstrating the potential for a single component to address externally induced aberrations.

APPLIED OPTICS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Focus-tunable imaging analyses of the liquid lens based on dielectric elastomer actuator

Hui Zhang et al.

Summary: A liquid lens based on DEA for simulating human eye auto-focusing function is proposed, achieving rapid focusing under voltages. The structure, fabrication method, and simulation results are discussed, confirming the accuracy of the theoretical models through experiments.

BULLETIN OF MATERIALS SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Optics

High stability liquid lens with optical path modulation function

Di Wang et al.

Summary: This paper presents a high stability liquid lens with optical path modulation function, which has a structure with three annular anchoring layers to provide six anchored precision optical path modulation gears. The feasibility of this structure is verified by simulation and practice, and the liquid lens can achieve zoom imaging and optical path modulation.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Article Optics

Tunable lens using dielectric elastomer sandwiched by transparent conductive liquid

Yang Cheng et al.

Summary: The research introduces a compact tunable lens using a dielectric elastomer and transparent conductive liquid, achieving high transmittance and fast response time, which shows potential for various compact imaging systems.

OPTICS LETTERS (2021)

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Article Optics

Light-responsive and corrosion-resistant gas valve with non-thermal effective liquid-gating positional flow control

Baiyi Chen et al.

Summary: The light-responsive and corrosion-resistant gas valve utilizes a solid porous substrate with dynamic gating liquid to achieve non-thermal effective liquid gating positional flow control under a constant pressure.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2021)

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Article Engineering, Mechanical

Tunable-focus liquid lens actuated by a novel piezoelectric motor

Hanlu Li et al.

Summary: A tunable-focus liquid lens driven by a novel piezoelectric motor is proposed in this paper for adaptive eyeglass application. The motor can provide vertical force to change the lens curvature, allowing for precise adjustments within a certain range. Experimental testing shows the liquid lens exhibits stable zooming characteristics, suggesting potential for use in adaptive eyeglasses and mobile systems in the future.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART C-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Liquid Lens with Large Focal Length Tunability Fabricated in a Polyvinyl Chloride/Dibutyl Phthalate Gel Tube

Xiaomin Song et al.

LANGMUIR (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Electrically Controlled Localized Charge Trapping at Amorphous Fluoropolymer-Electrolyte Interfaces

Hao Wu et al.

SMALL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Electrotunable liquid sulfur microdroplets

Guangmin Zhou et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Optics

A low-cost deformable lens for correction of low-order aberrations

Tairan Peng et al.

OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Triboelectric effect-modulated varifocal liquid lens

Chunlong Fang et al.

MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Optics

Double curvature membrane lens

Antonin Miks et al.

APPLIED OPTICS (2020)

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Article Optics

1000-volume/s high-speed volumetric display for high-speed HMD

Kohei Suzuki et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Electrowetting lens with large aperture and focal length tunability

Xiaomin Song et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Monolithic focus-tunable lens technology enabled by disk-type dielectric-elastomer actuators

Bong Je Park et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Review Optics

Multifocal displays: review and prospect

Tao Zhan et al.

PHOTONIX (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Aberration-free aspherical in-plane tunable liquid lenses by regulating local curvatures

Qingming Chen et al.

LAB ON A CHIP (2020)

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Article Optics

Holographic capture and projection system of real object based on tunable zoom lens

Di Wang et al.

PHOTONIX (2020)

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Article Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Strong Wet Adhesion of Tough Transparent Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Fast Tunable Focus Lenses

Feibo Li et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2019)

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Article Optics

Variable aperture with graded attenuation combined with adjustable focal length lens

Chao Liu et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2019)

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Review Crystallography

Recent Advances in Adaptive Liquid Crystal Lenses

Jose Francisco Algorri et al.

CRYSTALS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Fast-response microlens array fabricated using polyvinyl chloride gel

Chenping Lan et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS (2019)

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Article Optics

Design and wavefront characterization of an electrically tunable aspherical optofluidic lens

Kartikeya Mishra et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Flexible Electrowetting-on-Dielectric Microlens Array Sheet

Kari L. Van Grinsven et al.

MICROMACHINES (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Autofocals: Evaluating gaze-contingent eyeglasses for presbyopes

Nitish Padmanaban et al.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2019)

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Article Optics

Tunable liquid lens integrated with aspheric surface

Jin-Hui Wang et al.

OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Crystallography

Electrically Tunable-Focusing Liquid Crystal Microlens Array with Simple Electrode

Li-Lan Tian et al.

CRYSTALS (2019)

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Article Optics

Hybrid driving variable-focus optofluidic lens

Jin-Hui Wang et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Dynamic Response of Elastomer-Based Liquid-Filled Variable Focus Lens

Lihui Wang et al.

SENSORS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Optofluidic lens based on electrowetting liquid piston

Lin-Yang Li et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Smart Lenses with Electrically Tuneable Astigmatism

Michele Ghilardi et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Facile Functionalization of Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer by Varying Content of Hydridosilyl Groups in a Crosslinker

Seung Koo Park et al.

POLYMERS (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Optical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)-gel-based microlens arrays

Zuowei Zhou et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2019)

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Article Optics

Focal stack camera in all-in focus imaging via an electrically tunable liquid crystal lens doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Hui Li et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2018)

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Article Optics

Dielectrophoresis-actuated in-plane optofluidic lens with tunability of focal length from negative to positive

Qingming Chen et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2018)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Multifunctional liquid lens for variable focus and zoom

Il Song Park et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens

Ehsan Arbabi et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Development of Biphasic Formulations for Use in Electrowetting-Based Liquid Lenses with a High Refractive Index Difference

Matthias S. Ober et al.

ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE (2018)

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Article Physics, Applied

Broadband Tunable Acoustic Asymmetric Focusing Lens from Dual-Layer Metasurfaces

Jian-ping Xia et al.

PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED (2018)

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Article Optics

Displaceable and focus-tunable electrowetting optofluidic lens

Lei Li et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2018)

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Article Computer Science, Software Engineering

Towards Multifocal Displays with Dense Focal Stacks

Jen-Hao Rick Chang et al.

ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS (2018)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Dielectrophoresis-actuated liquid lenses with dual air/liquid interfaces tuned from biconcave to biconvex

Qingming Chen et al.

LAB ON A CHIP (2018)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Double-Sided Design of Electrodes Driving Tunable Dielectrophoretic Miniature Lens

Yousuf D. Almoallem et al.

JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Enhanced Response Time of Electrowetting Lenses with Shaped Input Voltage Functions

Omkar D. Supekar et al.

LANGMUIR (2017)

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Article Optics

Dielectric liquid lens with chevron-patterned electrode

Boya Jin et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Optics

Dielectric-elastomer-based fabrication method for varifocal microlens array

Lihui Wang et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Optics

Aberration control in adaptive optics: a numerical study of arbitrarily deformable liquid lenses

N. C. Lima et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Optics

Surface profiling of an aspherical liquid lens with a varied thickness membrane

Zengqian Ding et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Optics

Fast axial-scanning photoacoustic microscopy using tunable acoustic gradient lens

Xiaoquan Yang et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Optics

Tunable-focus lens for adaptive eyeglasses

Nazmul Hasan et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Analytical

Fabrication and Actuation of an Electrowetting Droplet Array on a Flexible Substrate

Kari L. Van Grinsven et al.

MICROMACHINES (2017)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Toward individually tunable compound eyes with transparent graphene electrode

Ali Shahini et al.

BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS (2017)

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Article Optics

All-liquid dual-lens optofluidic zoom system

Daniel Kopp et al.

APPLIED OPTICS (2017)

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Article Optics

Method of calculation of internal parameters of liquid lens

Antonin Miks et al.

APPLIED OPTICS (2017)

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Article Optics

Effect of oil on an electrowetting lenticular lens and related optical characteristics

Dooseub Shin et al.

APPLIED OPTICS (2017)

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Article Optics

An imaging spectrometer employing tunable hyperchromatic microlenses

Phuong-Ha Cu-Nguyen et al.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2016)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Adjustable Tilt Angle of Liquid Microlens With Four Coplanar Electrodes

Seungwan Seo et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

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Tubular Focus-Tunable Fluidic Lens Based on Structured Polyimide Foils

Daniel Kopp et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Versatile Miniature Tunable Liquid Lenses Using Transparent Graphene Electrodes

Ali Shahini et al.

LANGMUIR (2016)

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Article Optics

Adaptive microlens array based on electrically charged polyvinyl chloride/dibutyl phthalate gel

Miao Xu et al.

OPTICAL ENGINEERING (2016)

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Article Optics

Numerical simulation of astigmatic liquid lenses tuned by a stripe electrode

N. C. Lima et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Article Optics

Numerical analysis of electrically tunable aspherical optofluidic lenses

Kartikeya Mishra et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Article Optics

Focus-tunable liquid lens with an aspherical membrane for improved central and peripheral resolutions at high diopters

Kang Wei et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Article Optics

Large aperture tunable-focus liquid lens using shape memory alloy spring

Nazmul Hasan et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Article Optics

Improving the performance of an electrowetting lenticular lens array by using a thin polycarbonate chamber

Junsik Lee et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2016)

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Article Optics

Tubular astigmatism-tunable fluidic lens

Daniel Kopp et al.

OPTICS LETTERS (2016)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Electromagnetically driven liquid lens

Sang Hoon Oh et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL (2016)

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Article Optics

The engineered eyeball, a tunable imaging system using soft-matter micro-optics

Sebastian Petsch et al.

LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2016)

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Review Chemistry, Analytical

Recent Developments in Optofluidic Lens Technology

Kartikeya Mishra et al.

MICROMACHINES (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Ultrafast All-Polymer Electrically Tunable Silicone Lenses

Luc Maffli et al.

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2015)

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Article Computer Science, Software Engineering

Extended Depth-of-Field Projector by Fast Focal Sweep Projection

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VISUALIZATION AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS (2015)

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Article Optics

Wavefront correction and high-resolution in vivo OCT imaging with an objective integrated multi-actuator adaptive lens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2015)

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Smart artificial muscle actuators: Liquid crystal elastomers with integrated temperature feedback

S. Petsch et al.

SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL (2015)

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Dielectric elastomer stack actuator-based autofocus fluid lens

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APPLIED OPTICS (2015)

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Article Optics

Focus-tunable low-power electrowetting lenses with thin parylene films

Alexander M. Watson et al.

APPLIED OPTICS (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Iris-Like Tunable Aperture Employing Liquid-Crystal Elastomers

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ADVANCED MATERIALS (2014)

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Article Optics

Large aperture adaptive doublet polymer lens for imaging applications

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JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION (2014)

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Article Optics

Temperature effects on dielectric liquid lenses

Hongxia Zhang et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2014)

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An adaptive liquid lens with a reciprocating movement in a cylindrical hole

Boya Jin et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2014)

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Electroactive liquid lens driven by an annular membrane

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OPTICS LETTERS (2014)

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An adaptive liquid lens with radial interdigitated electrode

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JOURNAL OF OPTICS (2014)

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Optofluidic lens with tunable focal length and asphericity

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2014)

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Wafer-scale fabricated thermo-pneumatically tunable microlenses

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LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2014)

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Article Physics, Applied

Thermally actuated tunable liquid microlens with sub-second response time

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2013)

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Variable-focus lens with 30 mm optical aperture based on liquid-membrane-liquid structure

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2013)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Fluidic Lens of Floating Water Using Intermediate Hydrophilic Layer Based on Electrowetting

Hyunhwan Choi et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2013)

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Review Physics, Applied

Dielectrophoretically tunable optofluidic devices

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JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS (2013)

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LAB ON A CHIP (2013)

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Tunable lenses using transparent dielectric elastomer actuators

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2013)

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Elastomeric lenses with tunable astigmatism

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LIGHT-SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS (2013)

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Article Physics, Applied

Electrowetting-driven variable-focus microlens on flexible surfaces

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2012)

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Fluidic Lens of PDMS Membrane Driven by Voice-Coil and Magnet

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2012)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Variable-Focus Liquid Lens Based on EWOD

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JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (2012)

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Hydrogel-Based Tunable-Focus Liquid Microlens Array With Fast Response Time

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JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2012)

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Adaptive Liquid Lens by Changing Aperture

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JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2012)

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Adaptive liquid lens actuated by liquid crystal pistons

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2012)

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High speed adaptive liquid microlens array

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2012)

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Proceedings Paper Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Thin varifocal liquid lenses actuated below 10V for mobile phone cameras

Arnaud Pouydebasque et al.

MOEMS AND MINIATURIZED SYSTEMS XI (2012)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Bioinspired Tunable Lens with Muscle-Like Electroactive Elastomers

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ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS (2011)

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Electrowetting based infrared lens using ionic liquids

Xiaodong Hu et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2011)

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Article Acoustics

Three-Dimensional Variable-Focus Liquid Lens Using Acoustic Radiation Force

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL (2011)

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Article Automation & Control Systems

Fabrication and Application of Miniaturized Dielectric Elastomer Stack Actuators

Peter Lotz et al.

IEEE-ASME TRANSACTIONS ON MECHATRONICS (2011)

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Dielectric Liquid Microlens With Switchable Negative and Positive Optical Power

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JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2011)

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Dynamic Behavior of Liquid Microlenses Actuated Using Dielectric Force

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JOURNAL OF MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS (2011)

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Electro-optical properties of dielectric liquid microlens

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OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS (2011)

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Completely integrated, thermo-pneumatically tunable microlens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2011)

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Chromatic aberration control for tunable all-silicone membrane microlenses

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2011)

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Optical performance of an oscillating, pinned-contact double droplet liquid lens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2011)

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Adaptive double-sided fluidic lens of polydimethylsiloxane membranes of matching thickness

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OPTICS LETTERS (2011)

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Tunable electromagnetically actuated liquid-filled lens

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SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL (2011)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A Review of Electrically Tunable Focusing Liquid Crystal Lenses

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TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS (2011)

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Article Physics, Applied

Sound focusing by gradient index sonic lenses

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2010)

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Miniaturization of dielectric liquid microlens in package

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BIOMICROFLUIDICS (2010)

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Fabrication of aspherical SU-8 microlens array utilizing novel stamping process and electrostatic pulling method

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2010)

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Compact, high-speed variable-focus liquid lens using acoustic radiation force

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2010)

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Liquid tunable lens integrated with a rotational symmetric surface for long depth of focus

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APPLIED OPTICS (2010)

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High-speed liquid lens with 2 ms response and 80.3 nm root-mean-square wavefront error

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2009)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Planar Liquid Confinement for Optical Centering of Dielectric Liquid Lenses

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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2009)

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Two Liquids Wetting and Low Hysteresis Electrowetting on Dielectric Applications

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LANGMUIR (2009)

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Tunable-focus liquid lens system controlled by antagonistic winding-type SMA actuator

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2009)

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Adaptive liquid lens actuated by photo-polymer

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2009)

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Dielectric liquid microlens with well-shaped electrode

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2009)

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Optical characterization of adaptive fluidic silicone-membrane lenses

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2009)

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Polymer thin film deposited on liquid for varifocal encapsulated liquid lenses

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2008)

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Fast focusing using a pinned-contact oscillating liquid lens

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NATURE PHOTONICS (2008)

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Adaptive dielectric liquid lens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2008)

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Tunable-focus liquid microlens array using dielectrophoretic effect

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2008)

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DC-Dielectrophoretic separation of biological cells by size

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BIOMEDICAL MICRODEVICES (2008)

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Design of spherically corrected, achromatic variable-focus liquid lenses

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2007)

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Mechanics and refractive power optimization of tunable acoustic gradient lenses

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS (2007)

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Dielectrically actuated liquid lens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2007)

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Tunable-focus liquid lens controlled using a servo motor

Hongwen Ren et al.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2006)

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Adaptive liquid microlenses activated by stimuli-responsive hydrogels

Liang Dong et al.

NATURE (2006)

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A MEMS-based variable micro-lens system

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JOURNAL OF OPTICS A-PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS (2006)

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Variable focus dielectric liquid droplet lens

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2006)

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Article Physics, Applied

Fluidic lenses with variable focal length

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2006)

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Review Physics, Condensed Matter

Electrowetting: From basics to applications

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JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-CONDENSED MATTER (2005)

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Variable-focus liquid lens by changing aperture

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2005)

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Electrowetting-based variable-focus lens for miniature systems

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OPTICAL REVIEW (2005)

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Variable-focus liquid lens for miniature cameras

S Kuiper et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2004)

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Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Polymer-based variable focal length microlens system

M Agarwall et al.

JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING (2004)

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Tunable microdoublet lens array

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2004)

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Variable-focus lens with 1-kHz bandwidth

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OPTICS EXPRESS (2004)

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Tunable Fresnel lens using nanoscale polymer-dispersed liquid crystals

HW Ren et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2003)

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Article Physics, Applied

Equilibrium behavior of sessile drops under surface tension, applied external fields, and material variations

B Shapiro et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS (2003)

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Influence of the electrical double layer in electrowetting

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JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B (2003)

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Tunable liquid microlens

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APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2003)

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Liquid dielectrophoresis on the microscale

TB Jones

JOURNAL OF ELECTROSTATICS (2001)

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Dielectrophoretic liquid actuation and nanodroplet formation

TB Jones et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS (2001)

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Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting

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EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E (2000)

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Electrowetting: a model for contact-angle saturation

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