4.7 Review

The role of immunosuppressive myofibroblasts in the aging process and age-related diseases

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Chiel van Geffen et al.

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Summary: Ageing is a complex biological process involving multiple factors that lead to a decline in physiological functions and an increased risk of chronic diseases. Inflammageing and fibrotic pathways play key roles in age-related morbidities and the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the elderly. The concept of Fibroageing suggests that stiff ECM and activation of fibrotic positive feedback loops contribute to various age-related alterations.

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Summary: Fibroblastic stromal cells, diverse in origin and function, impact the immune system and challenge traditional views on their role as passive structural components. This review focuses on the complex interactions between different fibroblast populations and immune cells in the skin, emphasizing the relevance of fibroblast stromal cell heterogeneity in regulating the immune system. The study further highlights the evolving understanding of fibroblast influence on the immune system from embryonic development to adulthood.

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Cellular Senescence in Lung Fibrosis

Fernanda Hernandez-Gonzalez et al.

Summary: Fibrosing interstitial lung diseases are chronic and fatal lung diseases characterized by the irreversible accumulation of scar tissue in the lung tissue. Cellular senescence, defined as a cell fate decision caused by unrepairable cellular damage, plays an important role in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis, likely by promoting molecular and cellular changes in chronic fibrosing processes. Targeting cellular senescence may be a potential therapeutic approach for treating fibrosing ILDs.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Immunosuppressive network promotes immunosenescence associated with aging and chronic inflammatory conditions

Antero Salminen

Summary: The functional competence of the immune system declines with aging, leading to immunosenescence. Involving both adaptive and innate immunity, immunosenescence is associated with chronic inflammation and a state called inflammaging. This process also occurs in pathological conditions, where persistent inflammation triggers compensatory immunosuppression.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM (2021)

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Rebecca Kuan et al.

Summary: Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in atherosclerotic diseases by inhibiting inflammation and modulating lipid metabolism to affect the progression of atherosclerosis.

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Advances in epigenetics in systemic sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Pei-Suen Tsou et al.

Summary: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex inflammatory fibrotic disease with unknown etiology and partially understood pathogenesis, carrying the highest mortality rate among rheumatic diseases. Epigenetic aberrations play a crucial role in SSc pathogenesis, affecting immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, presenting potential new avenues for therapeutic interventions.

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

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Taixiong Xue et al.

Summary: Fibrosis, a common process of chronic inflammatory diseases, leads to scar formation and functional failure in organs. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in fibrosis, involving DNA methylation, histone modification, ncRNAs, and m6A modification. Targeted therapy based on epigenetics holds great potential for treating fibrosis.

PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Lymph node fibroblastic reticular cells steer immune responses

Lushen Li et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the anatomical, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of FRC subsets in lymph nodes, discusses the changes in FRC during inflammation, and highlights the crosstalk between FRCs and immune cells. It emphasizes the state-of-the-art FRC-based therapeutic approaches for maintaining physiological homeostasis, steering protective immunity, inducing transplantation tolerance, and treating diverse immune-related diseases.

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G-MDSCs promote aging-related cardiac fibrosis by activating myofibroblasts and preventing senescence

Shu-Ning Sun et al.

Summary: The study identified an accumulation of G-MDSCs in the aging heart and demonstrated that the adoptive transfer of these cells from aging mice to young hearts resulted in cardiac dysfunction by inducing fibrosis. G-MDSCs promote cardiac fibrosis through the secretion of S100A8/A9 and regulation of the FGF2-SOX9 signaling pathway in fibroblasts during aging.

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Single-cell RNA-seq reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and increased mesenchymal fibroblasts in human fibrotic skin diseases

Cheng-Cheng Deng et al.

Summary: This study examined fibroblast heterogeneity in keloid, a representative of fibrotic skin diseases, using single-cell RNA-seq. The results revealed that keloid fibroblasts could be divided into 4 subpopulations, with an increased percentage of mesenchymal fibroblasts playing a crucial role in collagen overexpression. This increased mesenchymal fibroblast subpopulation was also found in another fibrotic skin disease, scleroderma, suggesting a broad mechanism for skin fibrosis.

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Francoisz Huaux

Summary: This review highlights the potential implication of immunoregulation in lung fibrosis and the important role played by diverse immunoregulating populations. The presence of immunoregulatory cells, producing mediators that stimulate fibroblasts and matrix protein deposition, explains the development of fibrosis even in conditions where inflammatory cytokine deficiency or immunosuppressive therapies do not limit lung fibrosis. These findings suggest that refinement of therapeutic strategies in lung fibrotic disorders should take into account the persistent presence of immunoregulation.

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Cancer-Associated Fibroblast (CAF) Heterogeneity and Targeting Therapy of CAFs in Pancreatic Cancer

Xinglong Geng et al.

Summary: The roles of CAFs in PDAC are diverse, with different subtypes supporting or inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. As research progresses, CAFs may be a key factor in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

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Metabolic reprogramming of cancer-associated fibroblasts and its effect on cancer cell reprogramming

Zhenzhen Li et al.

Summary: Cancer cells adapt their metabolism to proliferate and survive in harsh environments, with a close relationship between tumor microenvironment and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) playing key roles in tumor growth and metastasis. CAFs act as major regulators in shaping tumor metabolism, especially through dysregulation of metabolic pathways, influencing cancer cell behavior and response to therapy. The interaction and crosstalk between cancer cells and CAFs contribute to metabolic reprogramming that impacts cancer cell growth and progression.

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Autophagy in healthy aging and disease

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Summary: This Review discusses the recent research on the mechanisms and roles of autophagy in health, aging, and disease, and how drugs modulating autophagy process could be used to suppress age-associated diseases. It examines emerging features of autophagy and proposes the potential links to aging and disease progression. The review also highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between autophagy and age-related pathologies for the development of clinical applications promoting long-term health.

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Summary: Myocardial fibrosis, characterized by the expansion of cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic feature in various myocardial conditions. Activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts play a central role in cardiac fibrosis, producing matrix proteins and triggering fibrogenic signalling cascades in response to stress. Immune cells, vascular cells, and cardiomyocytes can also contribute to fibrosis, while fibrotic changes may disrupt cardiac function and play a role in arrhythmogenesis.

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Fibroblasts as immune regulators in infection, inflammation and cancer

Sarah Davidson et al.

Summary: In different tissues and diseases, fibroblasts play a crucial role in regulating local immune responses by modulating inflammatory or immunosuppressive activities. Their diverse immunological properties highlight the importance of tissue context in determining fibroblast-immune cell interactions.

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