Cellulose dissolution in mixtures of ionic liquids and molecular solvents: The fruitful synergism of experiment and theory

We investigated the dependence of dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in binary solvent mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) and the molecular solvents (MSs) N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The ILs we used are based on 1-(n-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium cation, BuMeIm(+), with acetate (AcO-) and chloride (Cl-) anions. As experimental variables, we changed the mole fraction of the MS ((XDMAc) or (XDMSO)) and the temperature (T). MCC dissolution was determined using an optical microscope and expressed on the mass fraction scale (m%). The order of maximum m% was BuMeImAcO-DMSO > BuMeImAcO-DMAc >> BuMeImCl-DMSO. To rationalize this dependence, we used molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employing, as a model for cellulose, a crystallite of eight chains, each containing ten anhydroglucose units (AGUs). We calculated the root-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) and the radial distribution function, g(r). Values of RMSD showed that the separation of decamer-chains follows the same order as the maximum m%; more chain separation was taken to indicate greater crystallite dissolution. Additionally, the maximum values and the sharpness of the g(r) peaks followed the same order of dissolution, due to a combination of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the AGU and ions of the IL. We also recorded the turbidity of MCC-IL-DMSO solutions and the conductance of cellobiose-IL-MS solutions; the results of both experiments corroborated our interpretations of the MD simulation results. Our study suggests that MD simulations can be fruitfully employed to predict the best candidates among a series of solvents, e.g., IL-MS. This screening saves labor and material in the search for optimal solvents for cellulose dissolution.

Automated summary

This study investigated the dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in binary solvent mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) and molecular solvents (MSs). Experimental results and molecular dynamics simulations showed that the composition of the solvent mixture and the temperature influenced the dissolution of MCC. The simulations revealed that the hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose and the ions of the IL played a significant role in the dissolution process. The study suggests that molecular dynamics simulations can be used to predict optimal solvents for cellulose dissolution.