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The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in improving plant water status under drought

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The battle of crops against drought: Genetic dissection and improvement

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Summary: With global climate change, water scarcity-induced drought stress poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity. Plants adapt to drought stress through physiological and morphological changes, such as stomatal closure and altered root architecture. Recent studies have identified drought-related genetic resources in various crop species, and the molecular analysis of these genes has enhanced our understanding of drought responses in crops and provided targets for improving drought resistance. This review summarizes recent advances in cloning and functional analysis of drought resistance genes, as well as the development of technologies to mitigate the impacts of drought on crop production.

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An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity in a soil texture specific way

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Summary: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) alter soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity in different soils. In loam, AMF decreased water retention, while in sand, it increased water retention. Therefore, soil hydraulic properties should be considered dynamic in studying the water relations of mycorrhizal plants.

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Plant root plasticity during drought and recovery: What do we know and where to go?

Congcong Zheng et al.

Summary: Drought stress is a major limiting factor for agriculture and ecosystem productivity, and climate change exacerbates this threat. Root plasticity during drought and rewatering plays a crucial role in plant climate resilience and maximizing production. However, research has predominantly focused on physiological factors in the aboveground part of plants, neglecting the importance of dynamic root growth and root system architecture responses.

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Stomatal closure during water deficit is controlled by below-ground hydraulics

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Summary: Root system architecture plays a crucial role in plant adaptation to drought stress. The structural features of root system architecture exhibit plasticity under water-limited environments and are regulated by various phytohormones and genes. Understanding and utilizing these regulatory mechanisms can lead to the development of crops with efficient root systems and drought tolerance.

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Root hydraulic phenotypes impacting water uptake in drying soils

Gaochao Cai et al.

Summary: Soil drying is a limiting factor for global crop production, but the impact of water uptake across different soils, species, and root phenotypes is not well understood. This study proposes a hydraulic framework to investigate how soil and root hydraulic properties interact in water uptake. The findings show that soil drying leads to a rapid decrease in soil hydraulic conductance, and root phenotypes with low root hydraulic conductance, long roots, and/or long and dense root hairs can postpone soil limitation. This has important implications for crop water use efficiency.

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Summary: This study provides direct evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can act as extensions of the root system in the movement of water along the soil-plant-air continuum. AMF transport water across an air gap and are also capable of transporting water via an extracytoplasmic pathway.

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Summary: Quantifying root water uptake is important for understanding plant water use and responses. Non-destructive measurement of water transport in the soil-root system is challenging, but neutron imaging is a powerful tool for visualizing and quantifying root water uptake. Recent studies have shown that water uptake is uneven along roots, depending on root type and age, with lateral roots being the main uptake pathway.

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Responses of root system architecture to water stress at multiple levels: A meta-analysis of trials under controlled conditions

Xinyue Kou et al.

Summary: This paper synthesizes over 2000 literatures to investigate the adaptive responses of root traits in plants to drought stress. The responses of root growth angle, depth, length, diameter, dry weight, root-to-shoot ratio, hair length and density are analyzed at genetic and morphological scales. The underlying mechanisms and the distribution of root length density in the soil profile are also discussed.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and antioxidant enzymes in ameliorating drought stress: a meta-analysis

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Summary: Our meta-analysis study suggests that AMF plays a pivotal role in the elimination of H2O2 through the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes but it depends upon the identity of AMF and plant species under drought stress conditions.

PLANT AND SOIL (2022)

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Anthocyanin pigmentation as a quantitative visual marker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Medicago truncatula roots

Anil Kumar et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates the use of an anthocyanin-based visual marker system to visualize the colonization of AMF in Medicago truncatula roots. It provides an efficient approach for mutant screening and monitoring of AMF colonization, and offers a simple and quick photometric assay for quantitative assessment.

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Stomatal conductance tracks soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance in faba bean and maize during soil drying

Yannik Muellers et al.

Summary: This study investigates the reduction of conductance between soil and leaf during soil drying and its effects on stomatal regulation in maize and faba bean plants. The results show that the soil-plant conductance declines exponentially with soil drying and has immediate consequences for leaf water potential and stomatal regulation. The sensitivity of root hydraulic conductance to soil drying partly explains the differences in stomatal sensitivity among plant species.

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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization outcompetes root hairs in maize under low phosphorus availability

Xiaomin Ma et al.

Summary: The results indicate that maize has a larger mycorrhizal dependency than root hair dependency under phosphorus deficiency. Root hairs and AMF inoculation are two alternative ways to increase P-i acquisition under P deficiency, but these two strategies compete with each other.

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Significance of root hairs for plant performance under contrasting field conditions and water deficit

M. Marin et al.

Summary: This study conducted field experiments in Scotland over two years to investigate the effects of root hairs on plant performance under different soil textures and climate conditions. The results showed that root hairs had a robust impact on plant traits in the field, with significant variations between soil textures as the season progressed. Under drought conditions, root hairs enhanced plant water status, stress tolerance, and phosphorus accumulation, leading to increased yield stability. Overall, selecting for beneficial root hair traits can enhance yield stability without compromising yield potential, making it a key trait for breeding crops with improved drought tolerance in the face of climate change.

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Insights into the plant responses to drought and decoding the potential of root associated microbiome for inducing drought tolerance

Piyush Mathur et al.

Summary: Global water scarcity hampers crop productivity, but root microbiota holds potential to enhance drought resistance in plants. The interplay among plant hormones, transcription factors, and drought-responsive genes is crucial for enhancing plant drought tolerance.

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Stomatal closure of tomato under drought is driven by an increase in soil-root hydraulic resistance

Mohanned Abdalla et al.

Summary: Investigating the impact of soil-plant hydraulic conductance on plant transpiration and stomatal regulation, this study reveals the mechanism of stomatal closure in dry soils to prevent the decrease in leaf water potential. The findings suggest that shoot hydraulic conductance does not decrease during soil drying, and there is a strong correlation between stomatal regulation and belowground hydraulic limitation.

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Summary: Drought stress is a significant abiotic stress that limits plant growth, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can enhance plant adaptability and tolerance to drought stress, representing an eco-friendly strategy in sustainable agricultural systems. These fungi establish symbiotic relationships with host plants, participate in water absorption, nutrient uptake, and transfer, and modulate plant physiology to mitigate drought-induced injury and enhance drought tolerance. Identifying host genes responsible for enhanced drought tolerance is crucial for effective use of AM fungi.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis Enhances Water Status and Soil-Plant Hydraulic Conductance Under Drought

Mohanned Abdalla et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) play a crucial role in maintaining plant water status and soil-plant hydraulic conductance under drought conditions. By extending the effective root radius, AMF reduce water fluxes at the root-soil interface, ultimately enhancing plant resilience to soil drying.

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Deep learning-based quantification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant roots

Edouard Evangelisti et al.

Summary: The study developed AMFinder, an automatic mycorrhiza finder that utilizes convolutional neural networks to automatically identify and quantify AM fungal colonisation and intraradical hyphal structures in root images. The tool showed high-confidence predictions on root images of various plant hosts and captured altered colonisation in mutants, adapting to a wide range of experimental conditions. AMFinder provides accurate and reproducible analyses of plant root systems, supporting better documentation of AM fungal colonisation analyses.

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Drought accentuates the role of mycorrhiza in phosphorus uptake

David Puschel et al.

Summary: The research demonstrates that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play a significant role in enhancing phosphorus uptake by most plant species, even under limited water resources. The increased phosphorus uptake in plants grown under medium and low substrate moistures is likely due to the complementary effects of direct hyphal uptake and indirect alterations of substrate hydraulic properties by AMF.

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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-Mediated Regulation of Polyamines and Aquaporins During Abiotic Stress: Deep Insights on the Recondite Players

Karuna Sharma et al.

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Soil textures rather than root hairs dominate water uptake and soil-plant hydraulics under drought

Gaochao Cai et al.

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Herb and conifer roots show similar high sensitivity to water deficit

Ibrahim Bourbia et al.

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Plant water potential improves prediction of empirical stomatal models

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