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Review
Biophysics
Wolfgang A. Linke
Summary: This review summarizes the major advances in the discovery of the giant protein titin, including its layout and interactions in muscle sarcomeres, as well as key information about its gene and protein sequence. The mechanical function of titin in skeletal muscle, such as stretch-dependent tension development and elastic diversity, is discussed. The role of titin in active tension development, including length-dependent activation and contraction, is also highlighted.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Nicola A. Maffiuletti et al.
Summary: This paper summarizes the major advances in transcutaneous motor-level electrical stimulation over the past 50 years, which can be used for both research purposes and therapeutic/training modality. The focus is on important applications of electrical stimulation in investigating neuromuscular function and its changes, as well as improving muscle strength and mass in different populations. The advances in understanding and optimizing motor unit recruitment during electrically-evoked contractions are crucial for both mechanistic research and clinical applications.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
N. C. Holt et al.
Summary: The contractile elements in skeletal muscle fibers are connected in series with elastic elements, tendons, and aponeuroses, forming muscle-tendon units (MTUs). Elastic strain energy (ESE) can be stored in the series elastic elements (SEEs) due to the work done by muscle fibers or the energy of the body. MTUs vary in their design, but it is believed that the contractile and series elastic elements can be matched to maximize ESE storage. The use of ESE is thought to improve locomotor performance and reduce the metabolic cost of movement.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Taylor J. M. Dick et al.
Summary: This review discusses the advancements in imaging technology that have improved our understanding of in vivo muscle function over the past 50 years. It highlights the gaps in our knowledge regarding muscle behavior during everyday human movements and identifies future challenges in accurately measuring individual muscle forces. The authors hope that the biomechanics community will work together to solve these challenges in the next 50 years.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Daniel Hahn et al.
Summary: The cross-bridge theory predicts muscle force based on muscle length and active muscle length changes. However, residual force enhancement (rFE) and residual force depression (rFD) have been observed, which challenge the cross-bridge theory. Recent research suggests that the elastic element titin may play a role in explaining muscle history-dependence. Understanding titin function is crucial for establishing a new three-filament muscle model that includes titin.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Richard L. Lieber et al.
Summary: The majority of skeletal muscle biomechanical studies have primarily focused on its active contractile properties, while its passive biomechanical properties are also clinically significant but not fully understood. This review discusses the passive biomechanical properties of the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) and suggests aspects of its structural basis. The presence and organization of perimysial cables are highlighted, and the analytical approaches for defining passive biomechanical properties are shown to be complex. Additionally, the appropriate length range for measuring these properties remains unclear. Overall, this review summarizes our current knowledge in these areas and proposes experimental approaches for studying the structural and functional properties of skeletal muscle.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Jae-Young Lim et al.
Summary: The decline in muscle mass and strength with age, known as sarcopenia, is a major clinical concern in an aging society. Understanding the changes in muscle fibers is essential in studying sarcopenia. Mechanical experiments with single muscle fibers have been conducted for many years and can serve as useful biomarkers for aging and sarcopenia. This review summarizes the historical development of these studies, the definition and diagnosis of muscle aging and sarcopenia, and the age-related changes in mechanical properties of single muscle fibers.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Biophysics
Walter Herzog et al.
Summary: Studies of muscle structure and function have a long history, with the modern era of muscle contraction mechanisms starting in the 1950s. AF Huxley and HE Huxley, both born in the UK and working independently, made significant contributions to understanding muscle contraction. AF Huxley developed the cross-bridge model of muscle contraction, which is still widely used today, while HE Huxley proposed the sliding filament theory.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
James M. Wakeling et al.
Summary: Both the Hill and Huxley muscle models were described before the founding of the International Society of Biomechanics 50 years ago, but were not widely used until the 1970s due to the lack of computing. With the availability of computers, musculoskeletal modeling developed and Hill type muscle models were chosen for their computational simplicity. However, recent validation studies have shown that these models are less accurate for certain natural in vivo locomotor behaviors, indicating the need for improvement.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Biophysics
Taija Finni et al.
Summary: The traditional belief that muscles function as independent motors has been challenged. The new view suggests that muscles are interconnected by a connective tissue network, allowing force transmission. Animal studies have provided evidence of this force transmission pathway. The review focuses on the mechanics of muscle interactions and the effect of surrounding structures, providing valuable insights for both animal and human studies.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Biophysics
N. A. Curtin et al.
Summary: This article summarizes the experiments on muscle contractions resembling in vivo muscle activity and their contributions to our understanding of muscle function and the effects of compliant tendons. It also raises new questions about the efficiency of energy transduction in muscle.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
C. J. Barclay et al.
Summary: Muscle energetics is the study of the relationships between mechanical performance, biochemical and thermal changes during muscle activity. The biochemical reactions underlying muscle contraction are described, with initial and recovery heat serving as experimental indicators. Energy usage during contraction can be divided into cross-bridge force generation and Ca2+ activation, accounting for 25-45% of ATP turnover in isometric contraction, which varies among muscles. Muscle energy usage during contraction depends on the type of contraction, with shorter muscles producing less force but consuming energy more rapidly. Conversely, lengthening muscles produce more force and use energy at a lower rate.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
Review
Biophysics
Elisa Romero Avila et al.
Summary: Muscular coordination is crucial for movement and interaction with the environment. Electromyography (EMG) has been used for over 50 years to study the control of individual muscles or muscle groups by the central nervous system, providing insights into both fine and gross motor functions. Non-invasive EMG methods, such as surface EMG (sEMG) and High-Density EMG (HDsEMG), have found applications in various fields, including biomechanics, sports and exercise, ergonomics, rehabilitation, diagnostics, and device control. However, despite the exponential growth in the number of publications on non-invasive EMG methods, the relevance of EMG in movement sciences has not developed as expected, possibly due to the neglect of muscle mechanics in movement science research.
JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICS
(2023)
