Immune-related biomarkers in myocardial infarction; diagnostic/prognostic value and therapeutic potential

The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is increasing worldwide on an annual basis. The incorporation of circulating biomarkers, along with electrocardiography, echocardiography, coronary angiograms, and other diagnostic techniques, is essential in the evaluation, prediction, and therapeutic efficacy assessment of patients afflicted with MI. Biomarker evaluation has been employed in the diagnosis of MI for over five decades. Further biomarker research can be carried out as newer biomarkers have been discovered in pathways such as inflammatory response, neurohormonal stimulation, or myocardial stress that initiate significantly earlier than myocyte necrosis and the diagnostic establishment of cardiac troponins. The assessment of biomarkers for MI is on the brink of a significant transformation due to advancements in comprehending the intricate pathophysiology of the condition. This has led to a pursuit of innovative biomarkers that could potentially overcome the limitations of current biomarkers. For individuals with a high-risk profile, this may facilitate tailoring of appropriate treatment. This review places emphasis on a diverse array of biomarkers that have the potential to offer diagnostic and prognostic information, as well as the latest clinical and preclinical evidence that is driving theoretical advancements in cardiovascular immunotherapy.

Automated summary

The incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is increasing worldwide. Incorporating circulating biomarkers with other diagnostic techniques is crucial for evaluating, predicting, and assessing therapeutic efficacy of MI patients. Biomarker evaluation has been used in MI diagnosis for over 50 years, and further research can be done to explore newer biomarkers that initiate earlier than current ones. Understanding the complex pathophysiology of MI has led to a search for innovative biomarkers that can overcome the limitations of current ones and personalize treatment for high-risk individuals. This review focuses on biomarkers that offer diagnostic and prognostic information, as well as theoretical advancements in cardiovascular immunotherapy.