Using epoxy/acid stoichiometry to rationally tune the thermomechanical and reprocessing properties of epoxy vitrimers

Article Materials Science, Characterization & Testing

Recyclable and reformable epoxy resins based on dynamic covalent bonds Present, past, and future

Hafeezullah Memon et al.

Summary: Conventional epoxy resins cannot be reprocessed, repaired, or recycled, driving the development of reformable and recyclable epoxy resins. This paper discusses the potential of epoxy vitrimers containing dynamic covalent bonds.

POLYMER TESTING (2022)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

High-performance epoxy vitrimer with superior self-healing, shape-memory, flame retardancy, and antibacterial properties based on multifunctional curing agent

Jingying Peng et al.

Summary: A novel bio-based multifunctional amine curing agent (HVPA) and an epoxy vitrimer (HVPA/GDE) with excellent comprehensive properties including self-healing, shape memory, reprocessability, antibacterial resistance, flame retardancy, and transparency were successfully synthesized and fabricated.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Developing aligned discontinuous flax fibre composites: Sustainable matrix selection and repair performance of vitrimers

Ali Kandemir et al.

Summary: The sustainability of fibre reinforced polymer composites is crucial for achieving global sustainable development goals. Using natural fibres and bioderived matrices can reduce environmental impact, while delaying material disposal can also contribute to sustainability according to the circular economy paradigm.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2022)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Recycling strategies for vitrimers

Haochuan Zhang et al.

Summary: Vitrimer is a new type of material that can change the topology of cross-linked networks through rapid dynamic exchange reactions at high temperatures while keeping material structures and properties intact. This review discusses the recycling strategies for vitrimers, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of physical and chemical recycling methods, as well as the feasibility of upcycling vitrimers using 3D printing technology.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SMART AND NANO MATERIALS (2022)

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Article Agricultural Engineering

Lignin-based vitrimer for circulation in plastics, coatings, and adhesives with tough mechanical properties, catalyst-free and good chemical solvent resistance

Liuping Du et al.

Summary: Researchers have developed a lignin-based vitrimer with excellent mechanical performance and solvent resistance, providing a high value method for utilizing lignin and addressing environmental pollution issues caused by non-renewable plastics and under-use of biomass resources.

INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS (2022)

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Letter Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Achievement of a Highly Rapid Bond Exchange for Self-Catalyzed Polyester Vitrimers by Incorporating Tertiary Amino Groups on the Network Strands

Mikihiro Hayashi et al.

Summary: This study describes the preparation of a self-catalyzed polyester vitrimer containing tertiary amino groups on the network strands, which significantly accelerates bond exchange compared to reported systems, by more than 20 times.

ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers

Alessandro Perego et al.

Summary: Thermoset polymers are difficult to recycle due to their permanent crosslinks. Vitrimers, with dynamic covalent bonds, offer recyclability. The study uses a hybrid MD-MC technique to simulate adaptive networks, showing that adjusting energy difference affects dynamic and mechanical properties, and a higher number of exchanges results in larger deformation and more homogenous stress distribution in vitrimers.

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Recyclable High-Performance Epoxy-Anhydride Resins with DMP-30 as the Catalyst of Transesterification Reactions

Wenzhe Zhao et al.

Summary: This paper presents a simple method to prepare readily recyclable epoxy resins by incorporating 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DMP-30) into the epoxy-glutaric anhydride (GA) system. The resulting resins have properties similar to conventional epoxy resins, without the need for expensive, toxic, and poorly compatible catalysts. The study also explores the effects of GA content, DMP-30 content, and temperature on the dissolution rate of the resins.

POLYMERS (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Composites

Mechanical properties enhancement in composite material structures of poly-lactic acid/epoxy/milled glass fibers prepared by fused filament fabrication and solution casting

Ammar Mustafa et al.

Summary: The study focused on utilizing additive manufacturing technology to develop multi-material components with different structures. Mechanical properties were evaluated through compression, bending, and tensile tests, showing that incorporating 5% volume of glass fibers (MGFs) in the TMS resulted in significantly improved performance. Cone-beam CT scan and high-resolution scanning electron microscope were used to observe voids and microstructural evolution in the developed materials.

POLYMER COMPOSITES (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

The effect of matrix on shape properties of aromatic disulfide based epoxy vitrimers

Itxaso Azcune et al.

Summary: Aromatic disulfide-based vitrimers demonstrate elasticity-driven shape-memory and plastic reprocessability through the rearrangement of dynamic covalent crosslinks. The key temperatures for triggering phase transition and disulfide exchange reaction are highly sensitive to the molecular structure of the polymer. The relationship between structure, dynamics, and shape-changing properties was investigated through the synthesis of five networks with varying T-g values, molecular structures, and crosslink densities.

EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Recycling Thermoset Epoxy Resin Using Alkyl-Methyl-Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents

Rocio L. Perez et al.

Summary: A solvent-based green recycling procedure using ionic liquids and alcohols was reported for the recycling of thermoset epoxy resins and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under mild conditions. The study evaluated the swelling and depolymerization capacity of the materials in the presence of different alkyl-methyl-imidazolium ILs and alcohols. Complete dissolution of both TERs and CFRECs was achieved in 150 minutes at 150 degrees Celsius under atmospheric pressure. Recovery and reuse of the recycled monomer after dissolution were also examined, demonstrating similar mechanical properties to the parent TER and successful recovery of carbon fibers from CFRECs.

ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS (2021)

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Article Thermodynamics

Properties and curing kinetics of epoxy resin toughened by dimer acid diglycidyl ester

Min Yu et al.

Summary: Dimer acid diglycidyl ester (DAGE) was synthesized and used as a toughener for bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA), significantly increasing the flexibility and mechanical properties of DGEBA. The incorporation of DAGE had little effect on the kinetic behavior of the curing system, indicating its great potential for practical applications.

THERMOCHIMICA ACTA (2021)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Vitrimers: Current research trends and their emerging applications

Jie Zheng et al.

Summary: The development of recyclable plastics is a key research focus with vitrimeric materials attracting attention as a renewable plastic option. Their dynamic covalent crosslinks provide stability and reprocessability, making them a promising alternative to traditional thermosets. Emerging applications of vitrimers include self-healing, malleability, orthogonal processability, and multiple shape memory properties.

MATERIALS TODAY (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Thiol-acrylate based vitrimers: From their structure-property relationship to the additive manufacturing of self-healable soft active devices

Usman Shaukat et al.

Summary: Thiol-acrylate based vitrimers combine dynamic covalent bonds with the advantages of click chemistry, with the addition of an organic phosphate stabilizer to improve storage stability. These materials exhibit unique properties and can be used to prepare photopolymer networks with tailored thermal and mechanical properties.

POLYMER (2021)

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Article Polymer Science

Elastomeric polyolefin vitrimer: Dynamic imine bond cross-linked ethylene/propylene copolymer

Zongke He et al.

Summary: A new strategy for preparing elastomeric vitrimer based on EPR was proposed in this study, using a dynamic imine bond-based cross-linking network. The cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the material could be adjusted by varying the aldehyde group content or the aldehyde/TREA ratio. The activation energy of the cross-linking reaction was calculated to be 57.2 kJ mol(-1), providing the cross-linked network with good plasticity and recyclability.

POLYMER (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Natural glycyrrhizic acid: improving stress relaxation rate and glass transition temperature simultaneously in epoxy vitrimers

Jianqiao Wu et al.

Summary: By using GL and SA as curing agents, epoxy vitrimers based on TERs with different monomer compositions were successfully prepared, showing improved glass transition temperatures and decreased stress relaxation time. The vitrimer exhibited good thermal stability, malleability, and could be welded, reprocessed, repaired, recycled, and chemically degraded at a relatively mild temperature.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Review Polymer Science

Multifunctionality in Epoxy Resins

Jaworski C. Capricho et al.

POLYMER REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Toward Stimuli-Responsive Dynamic Thermosets through Continuous Development and Improvements in Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs)

Maciej Podgorski et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Vanillin-Based Epoxy Vitrimer with High Performance and Closed-Loop Recyclability

Hafeezullah Memon et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Influences of processing conditions on mechanical properties of recycled epoxy-anhydride vitrimers

Biao Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Polymer Science

Recent development of repairable, malleable and recyclable thermosetting polymers through dynamic transesterification

Tuan Liu et al.

POLYMER (2020)

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Review Polymer Science

Vitrimers: Permanently crosslinked polymers with dynamic network topology

Nathan J. Van Zee et al.

PROGRESS IN POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Triethanolamine-Mediated Covalent Adaptable Epoxy Network: Excellent Mechanical Properties, Fast Repairing, and Easy Recycling

Cheng Hao et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Dynamic transfer auto-catalysis of epoxy vitrimers enabled by the carboxylic acid/epoxy ratio based on facilely synthesized trifunctional monoesterified cyclic anhydrides

Yanlin Liu et al.

EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycling Epoxy by Vitrimerization: Influence of an Initial Thermoset Chemical Structure

Liang Yue et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Welding and reprocessing of disulfide-containing thermoset epoxy resin exhibiting behavior reminiscent of a thermoplastic

Hafeezullah Memon et al.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Thermal, Near-Infrared Light, and Amine Solvent Triple-Responsive Recyclable Imine-Type Vitrimer: Shape Memory, Accelerated Photohealing/Welding, and Destructing Behaviors

Hua Zheng et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

A catalyst-free and recycle-reinforcing elastomer vitrimer with exchangeable links

Jinyun Wang et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2020)

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Article Polymer Science

Dicarboxylic acid-epoxy vitrimers: influence of the off-stoichiometric acid content on cure reactions and thermo-mechanical properties

Quentin-Arthur Poutrel et al.

POLYMER CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Vitrimers: directing chemical reactivity to control material properties

Marc Guerre et al.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Degradable and recyclable bio-based thermoset epoxy resins

Xianchao Chen et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Review Polymer Science

Advances and approaches for chemical recycling of plastic waste

Timmy Thiounn et al.

JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Influence of treating parameters on thermomechanical properties of recycled epoxy-acid vitrimers

Honggeng Li et al.

SOFT MATTER (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Using Zn2+ lonomer To Catalyze Transesterification Reaction in Epoxy Vitrimer

Xiling Niu et al.

INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Glycerol Induced Catalyst-Free Curing of Epoxy and Vitrimer Preparation

Tuan Liu et al.

MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS (2019)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Weldable, malleable and programmable epoxy vitrimers with high mechanical properties and water insensitivity

Hanchao Liu et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2019)

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Article Polymer Science

Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy Networks with a Tunable Matrix

A. Barabanova et al.

POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A (2019)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Ultra-Fast Microwave Assisted Self-Healing of Covalent Adaptive Polyurethane Networks with Carbon Nanotubes

Vahab Solouki Bonab et al.

MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING (2019)

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Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Malleable and Recyclable Thermosets: The Next Generation of Plastics

Yinghua Jin et al.

MATTER (2019)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Synthesis and characterization of cassava starch with maleic acid derivatives by etherification reaction

Samuel H. Clasen et al.

CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Preparation of a lignin-based vitrimer material and its potential use for recoverable adhesives

Shuai Zhang et al.

GREEN CHEMISTRY (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

A Self-Healable High Glass Transition Temperature Bioepoxy Material Based on Vitrimer Chemistry

Tuan Liu et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Article Polymer Science

A Catalyst-Free Epoxy Vitrimer System Based on Multifunctional Hyperbranched Polymer

Jiarui Han et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2018)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Curing and viscoelasticity of vitrimers

Frank Snijkers et al.

SOFT MATTER (2017)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Epoxy Resins

Geoff Gibson

BRYDSON'S PLASTICS MATERIALS, 8TH EDITION (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: from Old Chemistry to Modern Day Innovations

Weike Zou et al.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2017)

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Review Materials Science, Composites

Recent advances in epoxy resin, natural fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and their applications

Naheed Saba et al.

JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES (2016)

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Article Engineering, Multidisciplinary

Effect of cross-linking on dynamic mechanical and fracture behavior of epoxy variants

R. Rahul et al.

COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING (2016)

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Article Polymer Science

Epoxy Resin Thermosets Derived from Trehalose and β-Cyclodextrin

Quanxuan Zhang et al.

MACROMOLECULES (2016)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Vitrimers: permanent organic networks with glass-like fluidity

Wim Denissen et al.

CHEMICAL SCIENCE (2016)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Green Epoxy Resin System Based on Lignin and Tung Oil and Its Application in Epoxy Asphalt

Junna Xin et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2016)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Synthesis and application of epoxy resins: A review

Fan-Long Jin et al.

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (2015)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Influence of stoichiometry on the glass transition and bond exchange reactions in epoxy thermoset polymers

Kai Yu et al.

RSC ADVANCES (2014)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Metal-Catalyzed Transesterification for Healing and Assembling of Thermosets

Mathieu Capelot et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Silica-Like Malleable Materials from Permanent Organic Networks

Damien Montarnal et al.

SCIENCE (2011)

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Using epoxy/acid stoichiometry to rationally tune the thermomechanical and reprocessing properties of epoxy vitrimers

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