Promoting FADH2 Regeneration of Hydroxylation for High-Level Production of Hydroxytyrosol from Glycerol in Escherichia coli

To enhance the oral bioaccessibility of flavonoids, including quercetin, naringenin, and hesperetin, we prepared an edible oil-based lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system. Flavonoid-loaded LNPs were similar to the blank LNP in physicochemical characteristics (z average <154.8 nm, polydispersity index <0.17, and zeta potential < -40.8 mV), and their entrapment efficiency was >81% at 0.3 wt % flavonoid concentration of the lipid phase. In the simulated digestion assay (mouth, stomach, and small intestine), LNPs were hydrolyzed under small intestine conditions and protected successfully incorporated flavonoids (>= 94%). Moreover, the relative bioaccessibility of flavonoids was >71%, which was otherwise <15%, although flavonoids were released rapidly from LNPs into the medium. In conclusion, since the flavonoids incorporated in LNPs were preserved well during oral digestion and had improved bioaccessibility, the designed LNP system may serve as an encapsulation strategy to enhance the bioavailability of nonbioaccessible nutraceuticals in foods.

Automated summary

By preparing an edible oil-based lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system, the oral bioaccessibility of flavonoids, including quercetin, naringenin, and hesperetin, was enhanced. In simulated digestion assays, LNPs were hydrolyzed under small intestine conditions, successfully protecting the encapsulated flavonoids, and the relative bioaccessibility of flavonoids was increased to more than 71%.