Doped TiO2 aerogels as alternative catalyst supports for proton exchange membrane fuel cells: A comparative study of Nb, V and Ta dopants

Nb, Ta and V-doped TiO2 aerogels and xerogels have been synthesized as possible new alternatives to carbon blacks for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells catalyst supports. A comparative study of different dopants was realized in a single study. Nb, Ta and V showed different behaviors with respect to the final material structure and morphology, composition and electronic conductivity. They are all prone to surface segregation, to different extents. V-doped TiO2 apart, the rutile structure could only be obtained after calcination in a reducing atmosphere at 800 degrees C for Nb or Ta-doped TiO2. The electronic conductivity exhibited a maximum at 10 at.% for Nb and Ta, 5 at.% for V. Nb revealed to be the most appropriate dopant to increase the electronic conductivity of TiO2, followed by Ta and V. 4-5 orders of magnitude were gained after Nb doping for xerogels conductivity to reach almost 0.1 S cm(-1). The role of point defects was discussed to account for phase transition and evolution of conductivity. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.