The Effect of Biomimetic Remineralization of Calcium Phosphate Ion Clusters-Treated Enamel Surfaces on Bracket Shear Bond Strength

Purpose: To evaluate the remineralization effect of calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) on demineralized enamel surfaces and their effects on bracket shear bond strength. Patients and Methods: Extracted premolars were prepared in resin blocks. The samples in the form of resin blocks were divided into five experimental groups: control group, demineralized group, and groups of CPIC solution treatment for 30, 60, and 90s. The specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), microhardness testing, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessment, shear bond strength (SBS) test, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score. Results: The SEM images revealed epitaxial growth of enamel and a decrease in the thickness of the demineralized enamel layer when treated with CPIC solution. The EDX analysis revealed an increase in the Ca/P ratio in the CPIC-treated groups. The microhardness value significantly increased when treated with CPICs; however, it showed a lower value than that of the sound enamel groups. As a result of the micro-CT test, radiolucency decreased gradually as the CPIC treatment time increased. The SBS test and ARI score results showed an improvement in bonding stability after treatment with CPICs. Conclusion: We demonstrated an enamel biomodification approach using CPIC solution treatment, which is a promising strategy for enamel remineralization. Specifically, remineralization of demineralized enamel improves the orthodontic bracket SBS.

Automated summary

The study aimed to evaluate the remineralization effect of calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) on demineralized enamel surfaces and their effects on bracket shear bond strength. The results showed that CPIC treatment led to epitaxial growth of enamel, a decrease in demineralized enamel thickness, an increase in Ca/P ratio, and an improvement in microhardness. The radiolucency gradually decreased with longer CPIC treatment. The shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index results indicated improved bonding stability after CPIC treatment.