☆ 4.7 Review

The Dynamics of Nerve Degeneration and Regeneration in a Healthy Milieu and in Diabetes

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Article Neurosciences

Schwann cell functions in peripheral nerve development and repair

Mar Bosch-Queralt et al.

Summary: The Schwann cell (SC), a glial cell in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is highly versatile in its functions. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the survival of neurons and guiding their axonal development. SCs also contribute to the structural organization of nerves, including blood vessels and various layers. They are involved in myelination of large axons and organization of non-myelinating bundles. SCs have diverse specialized functions in specific locations, such as the neuromuscular junction and cutaneous sensory end organs. They also interact closely with sensory and autonomic neurons. In response to nerve injuries, SCs exhibit remarkable plasticity and transform into repair cells that promote nerve regeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions are still not fully understood.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2023)

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Article Cell Biology

Molecular and Regenerative Characterization of Repair and Non-repair Schwann Cells

Tomoaki Suzuki et al.

Summary: The study shows that repair Schwann cells (RSCs), derived from non-RSCs after injury, have enhanced adherent properties and a greater capability to promote neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration compared to non-RSCs. Transcriptome analyses also reveal distinct molecular characteristics between RSCs and non-RSCs. These findings provide a basis for understanding the mechanisms of SC mediated repair after peripheral nerve injury.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Neurosciences

Transcriptional Control of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Yunsong Zhang et al.

Summary: Transcription factors play important roles in nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, including regulating axon elongation and Schwann cell phenotype modulation. Understanding these transcription factors can help promote functional recovery of injured peripheral nerves.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Review Engineering, Biomedical

A scoping review of current and emerging techniques for evaluation of peripheral nerve health, degeneration, and regeneration: part 1, neurophysiology

Ross Mandeville et al.

Summary: Peripheral neuroregeneration research and therapeutic options are expanding rapidly, highlighting the increasing need for reliable measures to evaluate and quantify nerve health. These measures serve as important biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, longitudinal follow-up, and monitoring treatment impact, while also providing insights into regeneration mechanisms and enabling further research.

JOURNAL OF NEURAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic regulation of axon regeneration

Yating Cheng et al.

Summary: Effective axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian nervous system requires coordination of gene regulatory networks, protein translation mechanisms, and epigenetic modifications. Understanding the alterations in these processes upon brain injury can provide insights into injury-associated psychiatric disorders and facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions to restore brain function.

MOLECULAR PSYCHIATRY (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Animal Models: A Systematic Review

Sara Pourshahidi et al.

Summary: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) on peripheral nerve injuries. ALCAR was found to effectively increase the tolerance threshold of thermal and mechanical stimuli, reduce latency, and reduce apoptosis. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of ALCAR are still unclear and further studies are needed.

NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (2023)

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Review Neurosciences

New perspectives in diabetic neuropathy

Stephanie A. Eid et al.

Summary: The prevalence of diabetes is increasing due to the aging population, with type 2 diabetes being the most common type. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a complication that damages peripheral nerves and is influenced by metabolic and bioenergetic dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that obesity and dyslipidemia also contribute to this condition.

NEURON (2023)

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Article Neurosciences

Extracellular matrix composition affects outgrowth of dendrites and dendritic spines on cortical neurons

Archana Sharma et al.

Summary: The composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in nervous tissue has an important influence on neuronal outgrowth and synapse development. Alterations in fibronectin (FN), a major component of the ECM, lead to a reduction in dendrite outgrowth and decreased dendritic spines in cortical neurons. Tenascin-C (TN-C), an ECM protein that binds to FN, plays a crucial role in dendrite development.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2023)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Axonal transport deficits in the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Cunqing Yang et al.

Summary: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a chronic metabolic disease that seriously affects patients' quality of life and can lead to amputation and neuropathic pain. Current treatment options only address symptoms and do not reverse nerve damage. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for prevention and the development of new therapies.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2023)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Effects of ECM proteins (laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen) on the biological behavior of Schwann cells and their roles in the process of remyelination after peripheral nerve injury

Peng Yu et al.

Summary: Complete myelination and formation of myelinated fibers are essential for functional nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Suboptimal myelin regeneration is common and can hinder ideal nerve regeneration. Therefore, closely monitoring and supporting myelin regeneration in patients with PNI is important for optimal outcomes.

FRONTIERS IN BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuromodulation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Systematic Review of Mechanisms and In Vivo Highlights

Max Y. Y. Jin et al.

Summary: While denervation can occur with aging, peripheral nerve injuries often result in loss of function and neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation has shown promise in enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration, but additional interventions are needed to control the direction of reinnervation. More human studies are required to validate findings from animal studies and optimize neuromodulation for functional restoration.

BIOMEDICINES (2023)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Schwann cells contribute to demyelinating diabetic neuropathy and nerve terminal structures in white adipose tissue

Jake W. Willows et al.

Summary: Peripheral neuropathy, including axonal degeneration and demyelination, affects adipose tissues in obesity, diabetes, and aging. This study investigated the presence of demyelinating neuropathy in adipose tissue and found that adipose tissue contains myelinated and unmyelinated nerves populated by Schwann cells (SCs), which play a role in nerve regeneration. The study also showed that SCs in adipose tissue become dysregulated in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

ISCIENCE (2023)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Potential role of Schwann cells in neuropathic pain

Wen-jun Zhang et al.

Summary: Neuropathic pain (NPP) is a common syndrome associated with diseases and poses a serious threat to human health. Schwann cells (SCs) play a crucial role in neural information transmission and can promote repair in response to peripheral nerve injury. Understanding the biological characteristics of SCs and their interaction with nerve injury can help develop strategies for the treatment of NPP.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2023)

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Review Neurosciences

Insight into protein synthesis in axon regeneration

Shishi Wu et al.

Summary: Successful axon regeneration requires adequate and accurate protein synthesis, including mRNA translation, both in neuron somas and locally in axons. Recent studies have revealed novel functions and mechanisms of protein synthesis, particularly local translation, in axon regeneration. This review discusses the technologies for investigating local translation, the roles of local translation, the signaling molecules and pathways regulating local translation, as well as the progress in protein synthesis in neuron somas.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Advancing Nerve Regeneration: Translational Perspectives of Tacrolimus (FK506)

Simeon C. Daeschler et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injuries have significant impacts on individuals and society, resulting in functional impairments, lengthy rehabilitation, and socioeconomic burdens. Tacrolimus, a potent immunosuppressive drug with neuroregenerative properties, shows promise in accelerating nerve fiber regeneration. This review explores the therapeutic potential of tacrolimus through investigating its mechanisms of action and discussing practical barriers for clinical translation, providing insights into its translational perspectives as an adjunct therapy for nerve regeneration.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

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Review Surgery

Evaluation of the Aging Effect on Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review

Karla C. Maita et al.

Summary: Aging is a factor that slows down peripheral nerve regeneration, leading to an increased failure in nerve regeneration in advanced age. Age-related changes such as chronic inflammatory state, delayed macrophages' response to injury, dysfunctional Schwann Cells (SCs), and microen-vironment alterations cause a reduction in the regenerative capability of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in aged murine models. The interaction between macrophages and SC plays a crucial role in the nerve regeneration of aged models.

JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH (2023)

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Article Neurosciences

Unleashing Axonal Regeneration Capacities: Neuronal and Non-neuronal Changes After Injuries to Dorsal Root Ganglion Neuron Central and Peripheral Axonal Branches

Qian Zhao et al.

MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY (2023)

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Article Cell Biology

Cell metabolism pathways involved in the pathophysiological changes of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Yaowei Lv et al.

Neural Regeneration Research (2023)

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Editorial Material Cell & Tissue Engineering

Peripheral nerve regeneration: a challenge far from being overcome

Rui Alvites et al.

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2023)

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Review Neurosciences

How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology

Gaynor Smith et al.

Summary: Axons are long processes of neurons that are essential for nervous system function. They require self-sufficient cell biology to maintain their structure and function. Disruptions in axon homeostasis can lead to axonopathies, which can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, poisoning, inflammation, and genetic mutations. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of axon biology and homeostasis is crucial for developing strategies to combat these devastating diseases.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2023)

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Article Neurosciences

Quantification of heat shock proteins in the posterior interosseous nerve among subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls

Erik Ising et al.

Summary: This study aimed to analyze the presence and patterns of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in peripheral nerve biopsies from subjects with T1D, T2D, and healthy controls. The results showed no clear differences in protein quantities between groups in this cohort.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2023)

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Review Biology

Clutching at Guidance Cues: The Integrin-FAK Axis Steers Axon Outgrowth

Mathew Davis-Lunn et al.

Summary: Neurons rely on integrin receptors and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) for their growth and regeneration after injury. Integrin receptors adhere neurons to their environment, while FAK coordinates signaling pathways inside the cells for neurite outgrowth and axon elongation. The coordinated signaling of integrin receptors and FAK plays a crucial role in neuronal growth and repair.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Electrical stimulation therapy for peripheral nerve injury

Lingmei Ni et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injury is common in extremity trauma patients and surgical therapeutic approaches may not ensure functional recovery. Rehabilitation plays a vital role in promoting nerve repair and sensorimotor recovery through individualized electrical stimulation therapy. However, the parameters and long-term effectiveness of electrical stimulation need further exploration.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Jun-dependent axon regeneration gene program: Jun promotes regeneration over plasticity

Matthew R. J. Mason et al.

Summary: The regeneration-associated gene expression program is crucial for axon re-growth in injured peripheral neurons. Jun, a transcription factor, plays an important role in regulating this program by upregulating gene expression and promoting cell regeneration while inhibiting plasticity response.

HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Brief Review of In Vitro Models for Injury and Regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System

Parvathi Varier et al.

Summary: Studying models of nerve injury is crucial for identifying cell responses, screening therapeutic molecules, and designing neural regeneration strategies. In addition to in vivo and mathematical models, in vitro axonal injury models serve as effective tools for understanding the mechanisms of nerve regeneration.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multi-factorial nerve guidance conduit engineering improves outcomes in inflammation, angiogenesis and large defect nerve repair

Alan J. Hibbitts et al.

Summary: By using a multi-factorial approach, researchers have optimized a biomaterial NGC to address the challenges of long-distance injuries, inflammation, and poor vascularization in axonal repair. The functionalized NGCs showed significant improvements in inflammation, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in experiments. In a rat nerve defect model, the functionalized NGCs demonstrated comparable axonal density and angiogenesis to autografts, highlighting their potential in clinical applications.

MATRIX BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Animal Model Studies

Josefa Belen Alarcon et al.

Summary: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive electrical stimulation therapy that can accelerate nerve regeneration and increase axon quantity and diameter. Low-frequency TENS application can promote normal myelination, while high-frequency TENS application can stimulate motor regeneration but may increase the risk of neuropathic pain. Although further research is needed, TENS seems to be a promising treatment for nerve injury.

NEUROMODULATION (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

The Role of c-Jun and Autocrine Signaling Loops in the Control of Repair Schwann Cells and Regeneration

Kristjan R. Jessen et al.

Summary: After nerve injury, both Schwann cells and neurons switch to pro-regenerative states. However, the poor functional repair cell phenotype is an important reason for the poor outcomes after nerve damage.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Schwann cell-derived exosomes: Janus-faced mediators of regeneration and disease

Fang Cheng Wong et al.

Summary: This review discusses the role of Schwann cell-derived exosomes in the regenerative potential and pathological processes of the peripheral nervous system, highlighting their potential applications as delivery vehicles for therapeutics and biomarkers. The research emphasizes the crucial role of SC-derived exosomes in the functional integration of the PNS, pointing to an emerging area with much to explore and re-explore.

GLIA (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

How miRNAs Regulate Schwann Cells during Peripheral Nerve Regeneration-A Systemic Review

Anton Borger et al.

Summary: miRNAs play a crucial role in peripheral nerve injuries by regulating specific pathways and proteins, which is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms of nerve regeneration and providing targets for precision medicine.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Immunology

An RNA-sequencing transcriptome of the rodent Schwann cell response to peripheral nerve injury

Amanda Brosius Lutz et al.

Summary: The response of Schwann cells to peripheral nerve injury involves the modulation of specific cellular pathways, including the downregulation of the AGE/RAGE pathway and secreted molecules Sparcl1 and Sema5a. These findings contribute to our understanding of neuroinflammation and provide valuable insights for improving CNS regeneration.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2022)

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Review Immunology

The macrophage: a key player in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies

Zeina Msheik et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the latest knowledge about the origin, function, tissue identity, and interaction with reactive oxygen species of macrophages in the peripheral nervous system. It discusses their role in the process of Wallerian degeneration, including axon degeneration, Schwann cell activation, and recruitment of macrophages to the site of injury. Finally, it explores the involvement of macrophages in peripheral neuropathies caused by external and internal insults to peripheral nerves, and the potential benefits of targeting specific macrophages for the alleviation of functional defects in the PNS.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Neuroimmune interactions and immunoengineering strategies in peripheral nerve repair

Kathryn L. Wofford et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injuries disrupt cellular communication between the central nervous system and somatic distal end targets, leading to limited muscle reinnervation and functional recovery. Macrophages play a critical role in the regeneration of the injured peripheral nervous system, and implementing macrophage-based immunomodulatory therapies is promising for nerve injuries in various clinical presentations.

PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Denervation-Related Neuromuscular Junction Changes: From Degeneration to Regeneration

Xinying Huang et al.

Summary: Understanding the degeneration and regeneration mechanisms of neuromuscular junctions after denervation and reinnervation is clinically valuable and may lead to the development of therapies for maintaining or protecting the structures and functions of NMJs.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at the Elbow Are Not Associated With Plasma Levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 or HSP27

Elin Bergsten et al.

Summary: This study investigated the relationship between nerve compression disorders such as CTS and UNE, and plasma biomarkers related to apoptosis and neuroprotection. The results showed no association between these biomarkers and CTS and UNE in the general population.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) is a Highly Conserved Pro-regenerative Transcription Factor in the Vertebrate Nervous System

Hilary R. Katz et al.

Summary: The regenerative capacity of vertebrate nervous system varies greatly among species and neuronal populations. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been identified as a conserved pro-regenerative factor that promotes neuronal axon regrowth and regeneration in various species. It is induced in neurons shortly after injury and its expression is found to be critical for axon regeneration.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unleashing Intrinsic Growth Pathways in Regenerating Peripheral Neurons

Trevor Poitras et al.

Summary: Common mechanisms of peripheral axon regeneration are recruited following diverse forms of damage to peripheral nerve axons. Supporting peripheral axon regrowth could be achieved through direct axon support or manipulation of the inflammatory milieu. Understanding the molecular barriers to regrowth and exploiting the downstream signaling pathways that impact neuron growth are promising approaches for promoting adult peripheral axon regeneration. This review emphasizes intrinsic aspects of adult peripheral axon regeneration and highlights several molecular barriers to regrowth.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Transection injury differentially alters the proteome of the human sural nerve

Monica J. Chau et al.

Summary: This study aims to identify the regenerative proteins in human peripheral nerve by comparing the proteome before and after a transection injury. The researchers found significant protein changes in key pathways related to growth factor levels, Schwann cell de-differentiation, myelination downregulation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and axonal regeneration pathways. The proteomes of the uninjured nerve compared to the degenerating/regenerating nerve may reveal biomarkers to aid in the development of repair strategies and monitoring neural tissue regeneration.

PLOS ONE (2022)

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Article Neurosciences

New insights into peripheral nerve regeneration: The role of secretomes

Estefania Contreras et al.

Summary: Neurons in the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate their axons after injury by triggering a complex activation response. Schwann cells (SCs) play an active role in regulating axonal programs and orchestrating Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration through both cell-to-cell contacts and secreted signals. The secretome, which includes proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles, facilitates communication and is essential for axonal regeneration. The use of secretome has emerged as a promising alternative to cell therapy, reducing the risks associated with cell use. In this review, the roles of SC and macrophage secretomes in peripheral nerve injury are discussed, along with the use of secretomes in experimental models to enhance nerve regeneration.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Review: Myelin clearance is critical for regeneration after peripheral nerve injury

YiMing Yuan et al.

Summary: Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is a common and significant clinical problem that can result in functional impairment and permanent disability. Despite advancements in diagnostic procedures and surgical techniques, recovery after peripheral nerve repair is often unsatisfactory. Understanding the role of myelin and myelination in the peripheral nervous system is crucial for promoting nerve regeneration.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Nerve Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury

Luke Juckett et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) often result in lifelong disability with rare complete functional recovery. Intraoperative electrical stimulation (ES) is a promising surgical adjunct that can augment the intrinsic molecular pathways of nerve regeneration. Clinical trials have shown that ES can be an efficacious therapy to improve patient outcomes following PNIs.

BIOMOLECULES (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Axonal Regeneration: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Rabia Akram et al.

Summary: Axons in the peripheral nervous system have the ability to repair themselves after damage, while axons in the central nervous system cannot. Intrinsic growth factors, proteomic profile, microtubule stability, and signaling pathways play significant roles in axonal regeneration. However, glial scar development, myelin-associated inhibitor molecules, lack of neurotrophic factors, and inflammatory reactions restrict axonal regeneration.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Target Receptors of Regenerating Nerves: Neuroma Formation and Current Treatment Options

Feras Shamoun et al.

Summary: Neuromas are formed due to disorganized sensory regeneration after nerve injury, causing pain and burden on patients and healthcare systems. Surgical interventions involve guiding sensory nerve fibers to regenerate into muscle tissue for treating or preventing neuromas. However, the mechanisms by which pain fibers cease regeneration and prevent painful neuroma formation are still unknown.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Neurosciences

Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms

Zhiqian Ye et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injury is a common concern in trauma patients, and the outcome of repair surgeries can be unsatisfactory. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in peripheral nerve regeneration by enhancing nerve regrowth capacity. The potential of TGF-beta in promoting nerve regeneration is promising, providing new cues for better treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2022)

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Review Immunology

Regenerative Role of T Cells in Nerve Repair and Functional Recovery

Xiaoxuan Tang et al.

Summary: This review mainly discusses the beneficial impact of T-cell subsets in the repair of both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system injuries and introduces studies on various therapies based on T-cell regulation. Further discoveries in T-cell mechanisms and multifunctional biomaterials will provide novel strategies for nerve regeneration.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of Non-coding RNAs in Axon Regeneration after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Ming Liu et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injury can cause disability and neuropathic pain, resulting in a significant economic burden. The ability of the peripheral nervous system to regenerate after injury is influenced by the expression of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. This article reviews the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury and discusses the roles and functions of these non-coding RNAs in nerve repair.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2022)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Liangfu Jiang et al.

Summary: This review discusses the critical role of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in treating PNIs, including ADSCs differentiating into Schwann cells, secreting growth factors to promote nerve growth, promoting myelination growth, and treatment with scaffolds. It compares the roles of ADSCs and mesenchymal stem cells in regenerative treatment, and discusses administration routes, cell dosages, and cell fates. ADSCs secrete neurotrophic factors and exosomes, and have the potential to differentiate into Schwann cell-like cells that can promote nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Comparative gene expression profiling reveals the mechanisms of axon regeneration

Jinyoung Lee et al.

Summary: Axons are susceptible to injury, potentially resulting in degeneration or neuronal death. While neurons in the central nervous system cannot regenerate, those in the peripheral nervous system can. Gene expression changes mediate injury-response signal transduction, highlighting the importance of expression profiling in understanding molecular mechanisms of regeneration. Injury-responsive genes play a key role in regulating axon regeneration, emphasizing the need for comparative analysis between regenerative and nonregenerative conditions to identify optimal targets for promoting regeneration-associated genes. Original research using comparative gene expression profiling in various systems has provided insight into the key factors controlling axon regeneration.

FEBS JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Differentially Expressed Proteins between Injured Sensory and Motor Nerves after Peripheral Nerve Transection

Qianru He et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve repair and functional recovery depend on the rate of nerve regeneration and the quality of target reinnervation. A quantitative proteomic technique was used to analyze the protein expression pattern between injured motor and sensory nerves, revealing 176 proteins with differential expressions. Functional categorization indicated that these differentially expressed proteins are linked to various molecular functions, which might play a crucial role in peripheral nerve regeneration.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

New Frontiers in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Concerns and Remedies

Polina Klimovich et al.

Summary: Recent advances in studying molecular and cellular mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration have shown the nervous system's ability to repair itself. However, serious injuries pose a challenge, calling for new treatment strategies. Understanding the basic mechanisms of nerve regeneration and the role of exosomes can lead to the development of new clinical strategies for full regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Extracellular Environment-Controlled Angiogenesis, and Potential Application for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Shingo Saio et al.

Summary: Endothelial cells acquire different phenotypes to establish functional vascular networks, with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) playing a key role in regulating vascular development. The spatiotemporal localization of angiogenic factors and the extracellular matrix are crucial for proper regulation of angiogenesis. Close interactions between the vascular and neural systems involve shared molecular mechanisms to coordinate developmental and regenerative processes.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Biology

Failures of nerve regeneration caused by aging or chronic denervation are rescued by restoring Schwann cell c-Jun

Laura J. Wagstaff et al.

Summary: After nerve injury, myelin and Remak Schwann cells reprogram to repair cells specialized for regeneration but fail in aging animals and during chronic denervation. Restoring Schwann cell c-Jun levels can restore regeneration to control levels, with potential gene candidates mediating this effect. This common mechanism of reduced c-Jun in Schwann cells regulates nerve repair success and failure during aging and chronic denervation.

ELIFE (2021)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Lessons from Injury: How Nerve Injury Studies Reveal Basic Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities for Peripheral Nerve Diseases

Peter Arthur-Farraj et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the latest advances in laboratory traumatic peripheral nerve injury studies, focusing on axon degeneration and repair Schwann cell formation at the molecular level. Studies have identified key genes and proteins playing important roles in nerve injury and disease development, providing insights into potential therapeutic approaches for peripheral nerve disorders.

NEUROTHERAPEUTICS (2021)

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Article Developmental Biology

Neuronal androgen receptor is required for activity dependent enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration

Patricia J. Ward et al.

Summary: Neuronal activity after nerve injury enhances axon regeneration and function restoration, with a key role played by androgen receptor signaling, both neuronal and involving classical genomic pathways. The requirement of genomic neuronal androgen receptor signaling for activity-dependent axon regeneration is essential in both sexes according to the results.

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Defining the relative impact of muscle versus Schwann cell denervation on functional recovery after delayed nerve repair

Karim A. Sarhane et al.

Summary: The study found that the detrimental effects of muscle denervation on functional recovery are more significant than the effects of SC denervation, with SC denervation having negligible impact on functional outcome. Further research is needed to investigate whether longer periods of SC denervation have negative effects on functional recovery.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Single Cell Transcriptome Data Analysis Defines the Heterogeneity of Peripheral Nerve Cells in Homeostasis and Regeneration

Bing Chen et al.

Summary: This study utilized single-cell RNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines to redefine cell heterogeneity in both intact and injured peripheral nerves, categorizing cells into Schwann cells, nerve fibroblasts, immune cells, and cells associated with blood vessels. The identification of sub-types within these categories and marker genes for future analysis provides insights into the cell biology of peripheral nerves in various conditions.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Quantitative proteomic analysis of human peripheral nerves from subjects with type 2 diabetes

Erik Ising et al.

Summary: This study used quantitative mass spectrometry to analyze peripheral nerves from male tissue donors, identifying 2617 proteins. Differential protein expression between type 2 diabetes subjects and controls was explored using linear regression, and clustering analysis of the 500 most variable proteins was conducted.

DIABETIC MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration

Miguel E. Dominguez-Romero et al.

Summary: The growth cone is a critical structure during neuronal development and regeneration, detecting and integrating signals to reach its final destination. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Injury-Induced HSP27 Expression in Peripheral Nervous Tissue Is Not Associated with Any Alteration in Axonal Outgrowth after Immediate or Delayed Nerve Repair

Lena Stenberg et al.

Summary: Research showed that there is an association between diabetes and injury-induced heat shock protein 27 expression, as well as axonal outgrowth. Despite increased expression of HSP27 in nerves after injury, it does not impact axonal outgrowth.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Neurosciences

Comparing axon regeneration in male and female mice after peripheral nerve injury

Eun-Hae Jang et al.

Summary: The study showed that male and female mice displayed a similar axon regeneration response after injury, with many commonly induced regeneration-associated genes. However, differences in gene expression related to peripheral nerve injury were found to be sex-dependent, suggesting the involvement of distinct gene regulatory networks in the two sexes post-injury. Further research is needed to investigate the potential contribution of these sex-dependent genes to peripheral axon regeneration.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Cortical plasticity and nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injury

Ci Li et al.

Summary: Advances in neuroscience have led to significant progress in peripheral nerve regeneration, but peripheral nerve injury remains a critical public health issue. Uncomfortable complications of peripheral nerve injury, such as chronic pain, can also pose problems for families and society. The proper functioning of the nervous system depends not only on anatomical connections but also on continuous bilateral communication.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Interaction between Schwann cells and other cells during repair of peripheral nerve injury

Wen-Rui Qu et al.

Summary: Peripheral nerve injury can lead to rapid Wallerian degeneration of the distal stump, followed by morphological changes in Schwann cells (SCs) and recruitment of macrophages. SC migration and dedifferentiation play crucial roles in nerve repair and regeneration by stimulating axonal regeneration and subsequent myelination of regenerated nerve fibers. Interactions between SCs, fibroblasts, and macrophages post-injury are essential for effective nerve repair.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Surgery

Identification of Key Pathways and Genes in L4 Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) After Sciatic Nerve Injury via Microarray Analysis

He Zhao et al.

JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE SURGERY (2020)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Extracellular matrix cues modulate Schwann cell morphology, proliferation, and protein expression

Zhenyuan Xu et al.

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Schwann cells apoptosis is induced by high glucose in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Yu-Pu Liu et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Filopodia and their links with membrane traffic and cell adhesion

J. L. Gallop

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury

Gianluigi Nocera et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Three-dimensional architecture of human diabetic peripheral nerves revealed by X-ray phase contrast holographic nanotomography

Lars B. Dahlin et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Characterising cellular and molecular features of human peripheral nerve degeneration

Matthew B. Wilcox et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-cell analysis uncovers fibroblast heterogeneity and criteria for fibroblast and mural cell identification and discrimination

Lars Muhl et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Neurosciences

Transcriptional Reprogramming of Distinct Peripheral Sensory Neuron Subtypes after Axonal Injury

William Renthal et al.

NEURON (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

GAP-43 and BASP1 in Axon Regeneration: Implications for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Daayun Chung et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation

Tessa Gordon

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Neurosciences

Macrophage biology in the peripheral nervous system after injury

Richard E. Zigrnond et al.

PROGRESS IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Review Neurosciences

The Success and Failure of the Schwann Cell Response to Nerve Injury

Kristjan R. Jessen et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2019)

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Review Cell Biology

Spatial proteomics: a powerful discovery tool for cell biology

Emma Lundberg et al.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Insulin-like growth factor-1 activates AMPK to augment mitochondrial function and correct neuronal metabolism in sensory neurons in type 1 diabetes

Mohamad-Reza Aghanoori et al.

MOLECULAR METABOLISM (2019)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Genome, transcriptome and proteome: the rise of omics data and their integration in biomedical sciences

Claudia Manzoni et al.

BRIEFINGS IN BIOINFORMATICS (2018)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Nodes, paranodes and neuropathies

Janev Fehmi et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Cytoskeleton dynamics in axon regeneration

Oriane Blanquie et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Emerging role of MicroRNAs in peripheral nerve system

Jiayi Zhang et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2018)

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Review Neurosciences

Intrinsic mechanisms of neuronal axon regeneration

Marcus Mahar et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

In vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging, and Tractography of a Sciatic Nerve Injury Model in Rat at 9.4T

Gustav Andersson et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2018)

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Article Developmental Biology

The regulation of the homeostasis and regeneration of peripheral nerve is distinct from the CNS and independent of a stem cell population

Salome Stierli et al.

DEVELOPMENT (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

Injury-induced gp130 cytokine signaling in peripheral ganglia is reduced in diabetes mellitus

Jon P. Niemi et al.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Glia Response after Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Comparison between Schwann Cells and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells and Their Uses for Neural Regenerative Therapies

Matthew J. Barton et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2017)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Schwann cell interactions with axons and microvessels in diabetic neuropathy

Nadia P. Goncalves et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROLOGY (2017)

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Review Neurosciences

Defective axonal transport: A common pathological mechanism in inherited and acquired peripheral neuropathies

Robert Prior et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A subcellular map of the human proteome

Peter J. Thul et al.

SCIENCE (2017)

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Article Behavioral Sciences

Longitudinal study of neuropathy, microangiopathy, and autophagy in sural nerve: Implications for diabetic neuropathy

Simin Mohseni et al.

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR (2017)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

Impaired Axonal Regeneration in Diabetes. Perspective on the Underlying Mechanism from In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Studies

Kazunori Sango et al.

FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY (2017)

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Article Orthopedics

Nerve injuries of the upper extremity and hand

Lars B. Dahlin et al.

EFORT OPEN REVIEWS (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Regeneration of long-distance peripheral nerve defects after delayed reconstruction in healthy and diabetic rats is supported by immunomodulatory chitosan nerve guides

Lena Stenberg et al.

BMC NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Stress Increases Peripheral Axon Growth and Regeneration through Glucocorticoid Receptor-Dependent Transcriptional Programs

Jessica K. Lerch et al.

ENEURO (2017)

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Review Neurosciences

Spatial and temporal arrangement of neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms controlling axon regeneration

Andrea Tedeschi et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2017)

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Article Neurosciences

Strategies to promote peripheral nerve regeneration: electrical stimulation and/or exercise

Tessa Gordon et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Releasing brakes' to nerve regeneration: intrinsic molecular targets

Anand Krishnan et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Nerve regeneration in chitosan conduits and in autologous nerve grafts in healthy and in type2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

Lena Stenberg et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2016)

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Article Engineering, Biomedical

Chitosan-film enhanced chitosan nerve guides for long-distance regeneration of peripheral nerves

Cora Meyer et al.

BIOMATERIALS (2016)

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Review Neurosciences

The multicellular complexity of peripheral nerve regeneration

Anne-Laure Cattin et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2016)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Therapeutic augmentation of the growth hormone axis to improve outcomes following peripheral nerve injury

Sami H. Tuffaha et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

Proteomics and Transcriptomics of Peripheral Nerve Tissue and Cells Unravel New Aspects of the Human Schwann Cell Repair Phenotype

Tamara Weiss et al.

GLIA (2016)

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Article Neurosciences

The repair Schwann cell and its function in regenerating nerves

K. R. Jessen et al.

JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON (2016)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Macrophage-Induced Blood Vessels Guide Schwann Cell-Mediated Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves

Anne-Laure Cattin et al.

CELL (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Reduced expression of regeneration associated genes in chronically axotomized facial motoneurons

T. Gordon et al.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Growth control mechanisms in neuronal regeneration

Ella Doron-Mandel et al.

FEBS LETTERS (2015)

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Review Cell Biology

The role of exosomes in peripheral nerve regeneration

Rosanna C. Ching et al.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Cell Biology

Schwann Cells: Development and Role in Nerve Repair

Kristjan R. Jessen et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2015)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Autophagy in the posterior interosseous nerve of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an ultrastructural study

Ayman A. M. Osman et al.

DIABETOLOGIA (2015)

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Article Neurosciences

Gender differences in nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair in healthy and in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats

Lena Stenberg et al.

BMC NEUROSCIENCE (2014)

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Editorial Material Endocrinology & Metabolism

HSP27 Concentrations Are Lower in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Correlate With Large Nerve Fiber Dysfunction

Kaveh Pourhamidi et al.

DIABETES CARE (2014)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Phenotyping animal models of diabetic neuropathy: a consensus statement of the diabetic neuropathy study group of the EASD (Neurodiab)

G. J. Biessels et al.

JOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2014)

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Review Neurosciences

Wallerian degeneration: an emerging axon death pathway linking injury and disease

Laura Conforti et al.

NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE (2014)

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Article Cell Biology

Factors predicting sensory and motor recovery after the repair of upper limb peripheral nerve injuries

Bo He et al.

NEURAL REGENERATION RESEARCH (2014)

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Article Neurosciences

Diminished Schwann Cell Repair Responses Underlie Age-Associated Impaired Axonal Regeneration

Michio W. Painter et al.

NEURON (2014)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The Effects of Exercise on Synaptic Stripping Require Androgen Receptor Signaling

Caiyue Liu et al.

PLOS ONE (2014)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Nerve Injury-Induced c-Jun Activation in Schwann Cells Is JNK Independent

Charlotta Lindwall Blom et al.

BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2014)

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Review Neurosciences

Signals regulating myelination in peripheral nerves and the Schwann cell response to injury

Thomas D. Glenn et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Neurosciences

Motor Axon Regeneration and Muscle Reinnervation in Young Adult and Aged Animals

Hyuno Kang et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Effect of Delayed Peripheral Nerve Repair on Nerve Regeneration, Schwann Cell Function and Target Muscle Recovery

Samuel Jonsson et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuregulin-1 Type I: A Hidden Power Within Schwann Cells for Triggering Peripheral Nerve Remyelination

Anand Krishnan

SCIENCE SIGNALING (2013)

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Review Neurosciences

Repair of the Peripheral Nerve-Remyelination that Works

Asa Fex Svennigsen et al.

BRAIN SCIENCES (2013)

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Article Neurosciences

Overexpression of human HSP27 protects sensory neurons from diabetes

L. Korngut et al.

NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE (2012)

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Article Neurosciences

Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF 3) and caspase 3 in Schwann cells and axonal outgrowth after sciatic nerve repair in diabetic BB rats

Lena Stenberg et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2012)

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Review Neurosciences

Role of transcription factors in peripheral nerve regeneration

Smriti Patodia et al.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2012)

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Article Neurosciences

Axonal outgrowth is associated with increased ERK 1/2 activation but decreased caspase 3 linked cell death in Schwann cells after immediate nerve repair in rats

Yoshifumi Tsuda et al.

BMC NEUROSCIENCE (2011)

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Article Neurosciences

The Basis for Diminished Functional Recovery after Delayed Peripheral Nerve Repair

Tessa Gordon et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE (2011)

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Article Neurosciences

Axon Regeneration Pathways Identified by Systematic Genetic Screening in C. elegans

Lizhen Chen et al.

NEURON (2011)

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Article Neurosciences

Injury-induced activation of ERK 1/2 in the sciatic nerve of healthy and diabetic rats

Lena Stenberg et al.

NEUROREPORT (2011)

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Article Cell Biology

The Growth Cone Cytoskeleton in Axon Outgrowth and Guidance

Erik W. Dent et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2011)

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Review Neurosciences

The nerve regenerative microenvironment: Early behavior and partnership of axons and Schwann cells

Christine Webber et al.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2010)

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Article Neurosciences

Impaired nerve regeneration and Schwann cell activation after repair with tension

Chuanjun Yi et al.

NEUROREPORT (2010)

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Article Cell Biology

Guidance Molecules in Axon Regeneration

Roman J. Giger et al.

COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY (2010)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Sural nerve biopsy may predict future nerve dysfunction

S. Thrainsdottir et al.

ACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA (2009)

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Article Neurosciences

Delayed nerve repair increases number of caspase 3 stained Schwann cells

Harukazu Saito et al.

NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS (2009)

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Article Clinical Neurology

RESPONSES OF THE NERVE CELL BODY TO AXOTOMY

Peter M. Richardson et al.

NEUROSURGERY (2009)

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Article Neurosciences

Expression of ATF3 and axonal outgrowth are impaired after delayed nerve repair

Harukazu Saito et al.

BMC NEUROSCIENCE (2008)

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Review Neurosciences

Ena/VASP: proteins at the tip of the nervous system

Frauke Drees et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROBIOLOGY (2008)

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Review Neurosciences

Negative Regulation of Myelination: Relevance for Development, Injury, and Demyelinating Disease

Kristjan R. Jessen et al.

GLIA (2008)

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Article Neurosciences

Nerve compression induces activating transcription factor 3 in neurons and Schwann cells in diabetic rats

Lars B. Dahlin et al.

NEUROREPORT (2008)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The MEK/ERK cascade: From signaling specificity to diverse functions

Yoav D. Shaul et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH (2007)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Retrograde signaling in injured nerve - the axon reaction revisited

Shlomit Hanz et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY (2006)

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Article Neurosciences

The Janus role of c-Jun: Cell death versus survival and regeneration of neonatal sympathetic and sensory neurons

C Lindwall et al.

EXPERIMENTAL NEUROLOGY (2005)

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Article Neurosciences

The role of p-c-Jun in survival and outgrowth of developing sensory neurons

C Lindwall et al.

NEUROREPORT (2005)

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Article Neurosciences

Retrograde axonal transport of JNK signaling molecules influence injury induced nuclear changes in p-c-Jun and ATF3 in adult rat sensory neurons

C Lindwall et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2005)

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Review Clinical Neurology

Impaired peripheral nerve regeneration in diabetes mellitus

JM Kennedy et al.

JOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2005)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath thickness

GV Michailov et al.

SCIENCE (2004)

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Article Neurosciences

Inhibition of c-Jun phosphorylation reduces axonal outgrowth of adult rat nodose ganglia and dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons

C Lindwall et al.

MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR NEUROSCIENCE (2004)

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Review Cell Biology

Vascular and neuronal effects of VEGF in the nervous system: implications for neurological disorders

P Carmeliet et al.

SEMINARS IN CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2002)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Expression of mRNAs for ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and their receptors (CNTFR alpha, LIFR beta, IL-6R alpha, and gp130) in human peripheral neuropathies

Y Ito et al.

NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (2001)

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Article Clinical Neurology

The extracellular matrix of peripheral nerve in diabetic polyneuropathy

JL Bradley et al.

ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA (2000)

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