Cytokine Levels in Saliva Are Associated with Salivary Gland Fibrosis and Hyposalivation in Mice after Fractionated Radiotherapy of the Head and Neck

Cytokines are mediators of inflammation that could lead to fibrosis. The aim was to monitor cytokine levels in saliva and serum after locally fractionated radiotherapy of the head and neck in mice and investigate associations with salivary gland fibrosis and hyposalivation. C57BL/6 mice were randomized to sham or X-ray irradiation of 66 Gy in 10 fractions over 5 days. Blood and saliva were collected on days -7, 5, 35, 80, and 105 following cytokine analysis. The harvested submandibular salivary gland was assessed for the presence of fibrosis. Decision tree regression analysis was used to investigate whether cytokine levels could predict late endpoints in terms of hyposalivation or fibrosis. Significant formation of fibrosis in gland tissue and reduced saliva production was found after irradiation. The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, TNF, TIMP1, G-CSF, KC, and MIP-1 alpha showed increased levels in saliva in irradiated mice and a strong correlation with late endpoints. The decision tree analysis largely separated controls from irradiated animals, with IL-1 alpha being the strongest predictor. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva, but not in serum, were associated with late endpoints. This indicates that cytokine expression in saliva is a good biomarker for local salivary gland damage with IL-1 alpha as the strongest single predictor.

Automated summary

This study aimed to investigate the effect of locally fractionated radiotherapy on fibrosis and hyposalivation by monitoring cytokine levels. The results showed significant fibrosis in the submandibular salivary gland and reduced saliva production after irradiation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 alpha, TNF, TIMP1, G-CSF, KC, and MIP-1 alpha were found to have increased levels in saliva and a strong correlation with late endpoints. Cytokine expression in saliva, particularly IL-1 alpha, was identified as a good biomarker for assessing salivary gland damage.