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Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Vitamin D

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MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511881

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pregnancy; breastfeeding; human breast milk; breastfed infants; metabolism; supplementation; vitamin D

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Exclusive breastfeeding is considered ideal for infants in their first six months; however, breast milk has low vitamin D content, leading to inadequate intake of 400 IU daily. This article discusses the metabolism of vitamin D during pregnancy and its presence in breast milk. It also analyzes the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant and nursing women and the potential consequences for mother and baby. The current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation in breastfeeding infants, pregnant women, and nursing mothers are provided.
Exclusive breastfeeding is considered the ideal food in the first six months of life; however, paradoxically, vitamin D content in human breast milk is clearly low and insufficient to obtain the recommended intake of 400 IU daily. This article summarizes the extraordinary metabolism of vitamin D during pregnancy and its content in human breast milk. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in pregnant women and/or nursing mothers and its potential maternal-fetal consequences are analyzed. The current guidelines for vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants to prevent hypovitaminosis D in breastfed infants are detailed. Low vitamin D content in human breast milk is probably related to active changes in human lifestyle habits (reduced sunlight exposure).

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