4.7 Review

Etiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease

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Article Rheumatology

Association of a FAM13A variant with interstitial lung disease in Japanese rheumatoid arthritis

Takashi Higuchi et al.

Summary: This study is the first to show an association between the rs2609255 variant of the FAM13A gene and interstitial lung disease (ILD) in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Further studies on the function of rs2609255 are needed.

RMD OPEN (2023)

Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Expression of Nrf2 protein in serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A novel indicator for disease activity and disease prognosis

Huijie Wang et al.

Summary: The study aimed to detect the expression level of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the serum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and investigate its correlation with disease activity, pro-inflammatory factors, clinical characteristics, and changes after treatment. The results showed that Nrf2 levels were significantly elevated in the serum of RA patients, along with increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Nrf2 levels were positively correlated with disease activity and pro-inflammatory factor levels. Nrf2 may serve as a potential indicator to monitor disease activity and prognosis in RA patients.

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2023)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Stattic alleviates pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis-relevant interstitial lung disease

Lihu Xie et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effect of the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic on joint disease and pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model of autoimmune arthritis. The results showed that Stattic treatment effectively alleviated the symptoms of arthritis and lung fibrosis, reduced lung collagen levels, and suppressed inflammation, myofibroblast activation, oxidative stress, and hyperproliferation by modulating the JAK1/STAT3 pathway. These findings suggest the significant inhibitory role of Stattic in RA-related interstitial lung disease.

EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2023)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Natalia Mena-Vazquez et al.

Summary: This study aimed to identify inflammatory factors and soluble cytokines that act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). The study found that patients with RA-ILD had higher inflammatory activity and certain cytokines were associated with both diagnosis and poorer prognosis in these patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2023)

Article Plant Sciences

Simiao pill attenuates collagen-induced arthritis and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad2/3 signalling pathway

Xin Ba et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effect and mechanism of Simiao Pill (SM) on rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Results show that SM can effectively reduce joint swelling, arthritis index, pulmonary fibrosis score, and spleen index in CIA mice. Furthermore, SM regulates the JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathways to improve joint inflammation and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis.

JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY (2023)

Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Osthole regulates N6-methyladenosine-modified TGM2 to inhibit the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and associated interstitial lung disease

Xian Lin et al.

Summary: This study found that osthole (OS) can inhibit the progression of RA by downregulating TGM2. Additionally, OS can also restrict the proliferation and polarization of M2 macrophages and inhibit the aggregation of lung interstitial CD11b(+) macrophages. This research provides new insights into the treatment of RA and RA-ILD.

MEDCOMM (2023)

Article Physiology

Tobacco smoking is associated with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema and worse outcomes in interstitial lung disease

Dylan Douglas et al.

Summary: Smoking is associated with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema as well as worse clinical outcomes in ILD. We conducted a retrospective cohort study and found that smokers with ILD had a distinct clinical phenotype, shorter time to clinically meaningful lung function decline, and decreased survival compared to nonsmokers. Smoking prevention may improve outcomes in ILD.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2023)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the JointMan database

Joe Zhuo et al.

Summary: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a progressive fibrotic disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Real-world data on RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD) is limited. This study evaluated the prevalence, time to onset, clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of RA-ILD in a large database. The results confirmed previously established risk factors for RA-ILD and emphasized the importance of recognizing these factors for early diagnosis and treatment.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2023)

Article Rheumatology

Baricitinib improves pulmonary fibrosis in mice with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease by inhibiting the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway

Hongli Liu et al.

Summary: This study investigated the improvements in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease after treatment with baricitinib, and explored the possible mechanism of action. The results showed that baricitinib intervention decreased the expression levels of JAK2 and other relevant proteins in the lung tissues of model mice, leading to alleviation of fibrosis. The mechanism may involve the downregulation of Smad3 expression via inhibition of the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway, resulting in inhibition of the profibrotic effect of transforming growth factor-β1.

ADVANCES IN RHEUMATOLOGY (2023)

Article Rheumatology

Rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD): a possible association between disease activity and prognosis

Jorge Rojas-Serrano et al.

Summary: This study suggests a correlation between higher RA disease activity and worse prognosis in RA-ILD patients. Further cohort studies and clinical trials are needed to evaluate the hypothesis that high disease activity is associated with worse survival in RA-ILD patients.

CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY (2022)

Article Respiratory System

Fine particulate matter components and interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Naizhuo Zhao et al.

Summary: This study found that exposure to PM2.5 components, particularly ammonium, increases the risk of ILD in patients with RA.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Syndecan-2 regulates PAD2 to exert antifibrotic effects on RA-ILD fibroblasts

Konstantin Tsoyi et al.

Summary: The expression of PAD2 is increased in RA-ILD patients, and inhibition of PAD2 can attenuate fibroblast activation and pulmonary fibrosis. The proteoglycan SDC2 has antifibrotic effects by regulating PAD2 expression and signaling pathways. These findings identify PAD2 as a promising therapeutic target for RA-ILD.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

Article Rheumatology

Pulmonary fibrosis in relation to genetic loci in an inception cohort of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis from northern Sweden

Elias Jonsson et al.

Summary: This study assessed the association between pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and genetic variants and disease-related factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The results showed that PF in RA patients is associated with four genetic variants. Older age and RF positivity are associated with increased risk, while MTX treatment is associated with a lower risk of PF development.

RHEUMATOLOGY (2022)

Article Cell Biology

DOCK2 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis by promoting lung fibroblast to myofibroblast transition

Xia Guo et al.

Summary: DOCK2 plays a crucial role in pulmonary fibrosis by modulating FMT, with its upregulation dependent on TGF-beta induction and Smad3, ERK pathways, and contributing to the changes in lung fibroblast phenotypes.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY (2022)

Review Immunology

Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

Mitsuhiro Akiyama et al.

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints but can also lead to interstitial lung disease. Understanding the pathogenesis and clinical features of this condition is crucial for better management and improved prognosis. Currently, there is no established treatment strategy specifically for RA-ILD.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Canonical and noncanonical regulatory roles for JAK2 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Shaohua Wang et al.

Summary: This study uses RNA sequencing of lung biopsies from patients with RA-ILD and IPF to identify shared and distinct disease-causing pathways. The results suggest that JAK2 plays a crucial role in the development of fibrotic lung diseases.

FASEB JOURNAL (2022)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Observational studies: Ambient air pollution and hospitalization for RA-ILD in a heavily polluted city in China

Baojin Liu et al.

Summary: This study investigated the relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for rheumatoid arthritis associated with interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) in Jinan, China. The study found a significant correlation between increases in PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 concentrations and an increase in hospitalizations for RA-ILD.

MEDICINE (2022)

Review Rheumatology

Recent Advances in Basic and Clinical Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis-associated Interstitial Lung Diseases

Hanna Lee et al.

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints and systemic organs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is closely related to the selection of anti-rheumatic drugs and the long-term prognosis of patients with RA. Early diagnosis is crucial for the treatment of RA-related ILD.

JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2022)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Resveratrol Ameliorates Fibrosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease via the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway

Lanxin Bao et al.

Summary: Resveratrol has been found to improve the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by regulating autophagy. In patients with RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), autophagy is enhanced in the early stage but inhibited in the late stage. However, treatment with resveratrol can improve autophagy levels, reverse the inhibition, and attenuate fibrosis.

MOLECULES (2022)

Article Biochemical Research Methods

Mechanism of Lycopodii herba for RA-ILD using integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology

Zhen Yang et al.

Summary: Lycopodii herba (SJC), a traditional Chinese medicine, has shown preventive and therapeutic effects on rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). Metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis revealed that SJC is mainly associated with ether lipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism, and its mechanism may involve the regulation of the Ras and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.

ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (2022)

Article Rheumatology

Genetic, social, and environmental risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

Austin M. Wheeler et al.

Summary: This study suggests that the mutation of MUC5B is associated with RA-ILD, especially in white patients. Non-smokers have a lower risk of developing ILD, while patients with both MUC5B mutation and a smoking history have a higher risk of ILD.

SEMINARS IN ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2022)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Interstitial lung diseases

Marlies Wijsenbeek et al.

Summary: There are over 200 recognized interstitial lung diseases, which vary in rarity. Most of these diseases are characterized by inflammation or fibrosis in the interstitial space, leading to impaired gas exchange and resulting in symptoms such as breathlessness, decreased exercise tolerance, and reduced quality of life. The prognosis for different interstitial lung diseases varies considerably, with some conditions showing reversibility or stabilization, while others lead to respiratory failure and death. Recent advances in the field have led to the approval of drugs for the treatment of specific interstitial lung diseases, including systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, interstitial lung disease-associated pulmonary hypertension, and progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

LANCET (2022)

Article Rheumatology

Risk factors for the progression of rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease: Clinical features, biomarkers, and treatment options

Ning Chen et al.

Summary: This study aims to explore the impact of clinical characteristics, new biomarkers, and treatment options on the prognosis of RA-ILD patients. The results suggest that male, UIP pattern, and increased RF-IgA may be potential predicting factors for poor prognosis of RA-ILD patients.

SEMINARS IN ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2022)

Article Respiratory System

Serum proteomic profiling of rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease with a comparison to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Xiaoping Wu et al.

Summary: The study identified molecular signatures associated with interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis, providing potential non-invasive diagnostic tools and future therapeutic targets.

THORAX (2022)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Predictors of long-term prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease

Juan Chen et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to identify clinical and serum protein biomarkers associated with the longitudinal outcome of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). By assessing RA patients over a 5-year period, the study found that baseline age, rheumatoid factor (RF), and changes in CXCL11/I-TAC and MMP13 levels were strongly linked to RA-ILD progression at Year 5. These findings highlight the importance of these variables and their potential as biomarkers for monitoring RA-ILD progression.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2022)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Antifibrotic Mechanism of Piceatannol in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice

Hanjing Sheng et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the anti-fibrotic role of Piceatannol (PIC) in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis and found that PIC reduces the number of activated myofibroblasts by promoting autophagy. The study demonstrates for the first time the protective effects of PIC against pulmonary fibrosis and suggests its potential as a candidate compound for pulmonary fibrosis therapy.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Immunology

Development of a Risk Nomogram Model for Identifying Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Jing Xue et al.

Summary: The aim of this study was to construct a nomogram for identifying interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) levels were found to be elevated in RA-ILD patients. Several risk factors were identified through regression analysis for the construction of the nomogram. The accuracy of the nomogram was validated and it can serve as a non-invasive tool to assist physicians in treatment decisions for RA patients with ILD.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Novel Biomarkers, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease-A Narrative Review

Alesandra Florescu et al.

Summary: This review discusses interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including its patterns, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic challenges. Biomarkers have been found to be useful in identifying high-risk patients and guiding personalized treatment.

BIOMEDICINES (2022)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Autophagy in pulmonary fibrosis: friend or foe?

Charlotte Hill et al.

Summary: This article reviews the evidence of altered autophagy in IPF lungs and examines its roles within lung fibrosis. The findings suggest that autophagy may be involved in the pathogenesis of IPF and is also associated with other key processes in lung fibrosis.

GENES & DISEASES (2022)

Article Immunology

Piceatannol-mediated JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway inhibition contributes to the alleviation of oxidative injury and collagen synthesis during pulmonary fibrosis

Tieyuan Zhu et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that piceatannol can protect against oxidative injury and collagen synthesis during pulmonary fibrosis (PF) by inhibiting the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2022)

Article Rheumatology

A genome-wide association study identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PPFIBP2 gene was predictive for interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Shinya Hayashi et al.

Summary: Genetic polymorphisms could serve as prognostic markers for timely diagnosis of RA, with specific variations associated with ILD occurrence in this study. Identifying genetic markers for ILD in RA patients could improve patient outcomes by predicting ILD before treatment.

RHEUMATOLOGY ADVANCES IN PRACTICE (2022)

Article Respiratory System

Fine particulate matter components and interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Naizhuo Zhao et al.

Summary: This study aimed to investigate the potential associations between major PM2.5 components and interstitial lung disease onset in rheumatoid arthritis. The results indicated that exposure to components of PM2.5, particularly ammonium, mineral dust, and black carbon, increases the risk of interstitial lung disease.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2022)

Review Rheumatology

Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis and management

Yujie Dai et al.

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease is a major factor in increasing morbidity and mortality. Research has shown that antibodies, genetic mutations, and smoking may be associated with the disease's onset. High-resolution computed tomography imaging is more suitable for assessing the condition, while disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs like methotrexate, leflunomide, abatacept, and rituximab have shown benefits in prevention and treatment.

CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Methotrexate and rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial, Lung disease

Pierre-Antoine Juge et al.

Summary: The study found that there is no increased risk of RA-ILD associated with MTX use in patients with RA, and that ILD was detected later in MTX-treated patients.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Incidence Rates of Interstitial Lung Disease Events in Tofacitinib-Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Post Hoc Analysis From 21 Clinical Trials

Gustavo Citera et al.

Summary: The study showed that the incidence rates of ILD events in RA patients treated with tofacitinib were low, and were associated with factors such as age, smoking, and disease activity score.

JCR-JOURNAL OF CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

Article Physiology

IL-23 amplifies the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of mechanically conditioned alveolar epithelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease through mTOR/S6 signaling

Chujie Zhang et al.

Summary: This study aimed to determine the profibrogenic role of IL-23 on somatic alveolar type I (ATI) epithelial cells. Results showed that IL-23 promotes EMT in ATI epithelial cells through mTOR/S6 signaling pathway.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Oncology

Dual Inhibition of MEK and AXL Targets Tumor Cell Heterogeneity and Prevents Resistant Outgrowth Mediated by the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in NSCLC

Jessica M. Konen et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that a novel combination of MEK and AXL inhibitors effectively bypasses EMT-mediated drug resistance in KRAS/p53-mutant non-small cell lung cancer by targeting EMT subpopulations, thereby preventing tumor cell survival.

CANCER RESEARCH (2021)

Article Immunology

Soluble programmed death molecule 1 (sPD-1) as a predictor of interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

Li Xu et al.

Summary: This study found that serum sPD-1 levels were elevated in RA patients with ILD, suggesting sPD-1 may be a valuable biomarker for predicting the presence of ILD in patients with RA.

BMC IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Lifestyle and Clinical Risk Factors for Incident Rheumatoid Arthritis-associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Vanessa L. Kronzer et al.

Summary: This study identified obesity, high CRP levels, poor functional status, and extensive smoking as novel risk factors for RA-ILD, which may be helpful for RA-ILD risk assessment and prevention. The overall predictive ability for RA-ILD remains modest.

JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Transcriptome analysis of IPF fibroblastic foci identifies key pathways involved in fibrogenesis

Delphine Guillotin et al.

Summary: This study aimed to identify major transcriptional programs in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) by profiling myofibroblasts in fibrotic foci using novel data mining strategies and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The findings revealed clusters of genes associated with cell cycle, inflammation/differentiation, translation, and cytoskeleton/cell adhesion, with key signaling pathways like TGF-beta 1, RhoA kinase, and the TSC2/RHEB axis influencing collagen gene expression. Functional studies using CRISPR-Cas9 gene-edited cells demonstrated the potential role of the TSC2/RHEB axis in regulating excessive matrix deposition in IPF and other fibrotic conditions.

THORAX (2021)

Article Rheumatology

The Jak/STAT pathway: A focus on pain in rheumatoid arthritis

Lee S. Simon et al.

Summary: Pain in rheumatoid arthritis can be treated by cytokines regulated by the Jak/STAT pathway, which play important roles in regulating inflammation and pain mechanisms.

SEMINARS IN ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

High-titer rheumatoid factor seropositivity predicts mediastinal lymphadenopathy and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease

Albina Tyker et al.

Summary: High-titer RF seropositivity in RA-ILD is associated with baseline lung function, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide titer, CT honeycombing, and MLN size. Lung function decline over 36 months did not differ between groups. Patients with high-titer RF had more frequent occurrence of death or lung transplant.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

JAK Inhibitors and Modulation of B Cell Immune Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rita A. Moura et al.

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease with B cells playing crucial roles in its pathogenesis, while Janus kinase inhibitors have emerged as a new class of oral medications approved for its treatment. These JAK inhibitors interfere with B cell functions and have shown promising results in clinical trials and studies.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Latent Transforming Growth Factor-β Binding Protein-2 Regulates Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation in Pulmonary Fibrosis via NF-κB Signaling

Menglin Zou et al.

Summary: The elevated expression of LTBP2 plays a critical role in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and contributes to fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Silencing LTBP2 protects against PF and suppresses the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Meanwhile, overexpression of LTBP2 induces this differentiation process even in the absence of TGF beta 1, indicating a potential therapeutic target for PF.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Twenty-year changes in mortality rates and underlying causes of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

J. Gao et al.

Summary: This study examined the mortality trends and underlying causes of death among patients with RA-ILD over a 20-year period, finding a decreasing variability in ASMR and a decrease in the ASMR ratio of RA-ILD to RA. The ASMR ratio trended downwards in women but upwards in men. The most frequent underlying causes of death for RA-ILD patients were arthropathies and ILD.

SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease related to anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody

Hiroyuki Kamiya et al.

Summary: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody and rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). A total of 29 studies involving 10158 subjects were reviewed, showing that the presence and higher titres of anti-CCP antibody were significantly associated with an increased risk of RA-ILD. The quality of evidence was rated as low or very low, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

BMJ OPEN (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Association of Serum Biomarkers With Pulmonary Involvement of Rheumatoid Arthritis Interstitial Lung Disease: From KORAIL Cohort Baseline Data

Jinyoung Moon et al.

Summary: The study showed that MMP-7, SP-D, and KL-6 are negatively correlated with lung function and CT results in RA-ILD patients, and tend to increase with higher grades of lung lesions. They may be used to evaluate the functional and anatomical status of lung involvement in these patients.

JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Lifetime risk of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease in MUC5B mutation carriers

Antti Palomaki et al.

Summary: The study utilized Finnish national hospital and biobank databases to link MUC5B variant with increased risk of RA-ILD. In patients with RA, MUC5B promoter variant was also identified as a strong risk factor for ILD.

ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Role of JAK/STAT in Interstitial Lung Diseases; Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms

Paula Montero et al.

Summary: This review explores the activation of the JAK/STAT molecular pathway in ILDs and its impact on cellular fibrotic processes, highlighting the significant role of JAK/STAT in ILDs. It also discusses the potential therapeutic drugs targeting JAK/STAT and their application in vitro and in clinical trials.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Review Respiratory System

Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management

Suha Kadura et al.

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder, with lung involvement being the most common extra-articular manifestation. RA-ILD is a leading cause of death in RA patients with significant morbidity and mortality. Rational clinical approaches for the diagnosis and management of RA-ILD are discussed, along with future directions for research in RA-associated lung disease.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY REVIEW (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Mortality Rates and Trends

Niranjan Jeganathan et al.

Summary: The mortality rates of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) vary by demographics, with higher rates in women and older age groups. Overall, RA-related mortality rates are decreasing, while RA-ILD-related mortality rates remain stable.

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Suppression of epithelial abnormalities by nintedanib in induced-rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease mouse model

Yoko Miura et al.

Summary: RA-ILD is associated with poor prognosis in RA patients. Nintedanib, an antifibrotic drug, showed inhibitory effects on M2 macrophage polarization and hyperplasia of Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells in a novel induced RA-ILD mouse model. The broad inhibitory effects of nintedanib on tyrosine kinases might contribute to the overall improvement in RA-ILD, including epithelial abnormalities associated with progressive lung fibrosis.

ERJ OPEN RESEARCH (2021)

Article Rheumatology

Development of a risk indicator score for the identification of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Francisco Paulin et al.

Summary: This study identified five factors associated with the presence of ILD in RA patients through a case-control study and developed a risk indicator score to help identify which RA patients are at risk of having ILD. The risk indicator score needs further validation in an independent cohort.

REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA (2021)

Article Respiratory System

Autoantibody Seropositivity and Risk for Interstitial Lung Disease in a Prospective Male-Predominant Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort of US Veterans

Jake G. Natalini et al.

Summary: The study found that combined RF/ACPA seropositivity and higher individual autoantibody concentrations were strongly associated with prevalent RA-ILD, but not with incident RA-ILD. Patients with RF concentrations greater than 90 IU/ml were observed to be at higher risk of developing incident RA-ILD.

ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY (2021)

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Sheetal Ramani et al.

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ErMiao San Inhibits Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing JAK/STAT Signaling Pathways

Lianhua He et al.

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Arezoo Hosseini et al.

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Cellular Senescence in the Lung: The Central Role of Senescent Epithelial Cells

Christine Hansel et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Lights and Shadows

Giulia Cassone et al.

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Fibroblast-specific IL11 signaling drives chronic inflammation in murine fibrotic lung disease

Benjamin Ng et al.

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Microenvironmental Th9 and Th17 lymphocytes induce metastatic spreading in lung cancer

Ylia Salazar et al.

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Effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis: angel or demon?

Ying Huang et al.

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Effect of H2 treatment in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

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Interleukin-11 is a therapeutic target in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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Nintedanib reduces pulmonary fibrosis in a model of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

Elizabeth F. Redente et al.

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Autoreactive T cells to citrullinated HSP90 are associated with interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis

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V. Michael Holers et al.

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Daniel Aletaha et al.

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MUC5B Promoter Variant and Rheumatoid Arthritis with Interstitial Lung Disease

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The JAK2 pathway is activated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Javier Milara et al.

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