Comparative Study of Terminal Cortical Potentials Using Iridium and Ag/AgCl Electrodes

Brain ischemia induces slow voltage shifts in the cerebral cortex, including waves of spreading depolarization (SD) and negative ultraslow potentials (NUPs), which are considered as brain injury markers. However, different electrode materials and locations yield variable SD and NUP features. Here, we compared terminal cortical events during isoflurane or sevoflurane euthanasia using intracortical linear iridium electrode arrays and Ag/AgCl-based electrodes in the rat somatosensory cortex. Inhalation of anesthetics caused respiratory arrest, associated with hyperpolarization and followed by SD and NUP on both Ir and Ag electrodes. Ag-NUPs were bell shaped and waned within half an hour after death. Ir-NUPs were biphasic, with the early fast phase corresponding to Ag-NUP, and the late absent on Ag electrodes, phase of a progressive depolarizing voltage shift reaching -100 mV by two hours after death. In addition, late Ir-NUPs were more ample in the deep layers than at the cortical surface. Thus, intracortical Ag and Ir electrodes reliably assess early manifestations of terminal brain injury including hyperpolarization, SD and the early phase of NUP, while the late, giant amplitude phase of NUP, which is present only on Ir electrodes, is probably related to the sensitivity of Ir electrodes to a yet unidentified factor related to brain death.

Automated summary

Brain ischemia leads to slow voltage shifts in the cerebral cortex, including spreading depolarization (SD) and negative ultraslow potentials (NUPs), which are markers of brain injury. Different electrode materials and locations result in varying SD and NUP features. This study compared terminal cortical events during isoflurane or sevoflurane euthanasia using iridium and Ag/AgCl-based electrodes in the rat somatosensory cortex. The findings suggest that Ag and Ir electrodes can reliably assess early manifestations of terminal brain injury, but the late phase of NUP, which is present only on Ir electrodes, may be related to a yet unidentified factor associated with brain death.