The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy

Article Immunology

Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Patients With Laboratory-Confirmed Invasive Pneumococcal Disease: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study

Andrew D. Wiese et al.

Summary: This study analyzed the association between invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and found a significant increase in the risk of AMI during periods associated with laboratory-confirmed IPD.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2023)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pneumolysin as a target for new therapies against pneumococcal infections: A systematic review

Maria Dolores Cima Cabal et al.

Summary: This systematic review evaluates pneumolysin (PLY) as a target for new treatments against pneumococcal infections. Forty-one articles were reviewed, and molecules that inhibit PLY were classified into three main groups: those exerting a direct effect, those acting indirectly, and those with unknown mechanisms. Some molecules have the potential for clinical implementation, while others require further research. These findings may contribute to the improvement of clinical management for patients with pneumococcal infections.

PLOS ONE (2023)

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Review Respiratory System

Acute organ injury and long-term sequelae of severe pneumococcal infections

Katherine L. Kruckow et al.

Summary: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major public health problem, causing various diseases and long-term sequelae. The damage incurred during acute infection can result in chronic conditions and reduce the quality of life and life expectancy among survivors. Current estimates may underestimate the true impact of the disease.

PNEUMONIA (2023)

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Article Immunology

Reemergence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Germany During the Spring and Summer of 2021

Stephanie Perniciaro et al.

Summary: The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in Germany showed a declining trend in 2020-2021 under the influence of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), but exhibited variations in age and serotype specificity over time.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Pandemic Influenza Infection Promotes Streptococcus pneumoniae Infiltration, Necrotic Damage, and Proteomic Remodeling in the Heart

Maryann P. Platt et al.

Summary: It has long been recognized that the combination of influenza and bacterial infections can lead to severe cardiac damage. This study provides the first in vivo evidence that influenza infection promotes the infiltration of Streptococcus pneumoniae into the heart, causing necrotic damage and proteomic remodeling.

MBIO (2022)

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Article Immunology

Substantial Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Hong Kong

Jade L. L. Teng et al.

Summary: Hong Kong has achieved a more substantial decrease in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease compared to other countries, most likely due to the widespread adoption of face masks by the public. Human behavioral changes, particularly mask wearing, should be considered as an additional preventive strategy against invasive pneumococcal disease.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Respiratory System

Additional effect of azithromycin over β-lactam alone for severe community-acquired pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a retrospective cohort study

Jun Suzuki et al.

Summary: The additional effect of azithromycin in mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was investigated. The study found that treatment with azithromycin plus beta-lactam had no significant additional effect on 28-day mortality or in-hospital mortality in these patients.

PNEUMONIA (2022)

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Article Immunology

The Effect of Macrolides on Mortality in Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia: A Retrospective, Nationwide Cohort Study, Israel, 2009-2017

Michal Chowers et al.

Summary: This study investigated patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia among adults in Israel and found that the use of macrolides reduced the odds of mortality by 45%, especially with azithromycin and roxithromycin. Quinolone therapy did not have the same effect.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Immunology

Streptococcus pneumoniae Impairs Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells and Consequent Activation of CD4+ T Cells via Pneumolysin

Antje D. Paulikat et al.

Summary: Influenza A virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are major pathogens causing pneumonia. It has been found that both bacterial and viral infections can induce dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation, but pneumococcal infections can impair dendritic cell maturation and inhibit CD4(+) T cell activation.

JOURNAL OF INNATE IMMUNITY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Empirical antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia: a network meta-analysis

Lu-Yan Xu et al.

Summary: This network meta-analysis compared the efficacy and safety of fluoroquinolone monotherapy, beta-lactam monotherapy, and beta-lactam/macrolide combination therapy in CAP patients, finding no significant differences in key outcomes, but fewer adverse events associated with FQ monotherapy.

JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Pneumolysin suppresses the initial macrophage pro-inflammatory response to Streptococcus pneumoniae

Jimstan Periselneris et al.

Summary: The virulence factor Pneumolysin (Ply) of Streptococcus pneumoniae has contradictory effects on the host inflammatory response to infection. This study found that Ply suppressed the macrophage inflammatory response to S. pneumoniae, possibly mediated through SOCS1, and was associated with improved immune evasion during early lung infection.

IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Risk of cardiovascular events leading to hospitalisation after Streptococcus pneumoniae infection: a retrospective cohort LIFE Study

Naoaki Nishimura et al.

Summary: This study suggests that S. pneumoniae infection increases the risk of subsequent stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF), indicating that pneumococcal infections have short-term effects on patients' health and increase their susceptibility to serious cardiovascular events in the midterm to long term.

BMJ OPEN (2022)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Efficacy of erythromycin compared to clarithromycin and azithromycin in adults or adolescents with community-acquired pneumonia: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Noha Ashy et al.

Summary: This meta-analysis suggests that erythromycin is less effective than clarithromycin in treating community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It also highlights the higher rate of adverse reactions associated with erythromycin. The findings suggest that erythromycin should not be used as the first-line treatment for CAP when azithromycin and clarithromycin are available.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2022)

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Article Immunology

Protective role of Cav-1 in pneumolysin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction

Robert K. Batori et al.

Summary: This study found that Cav-1 protects the endothelial barrier against PLY-induced disruption. Depletion of cholesterol in the plasma membrane increases intracellular calcium levels induced by PLY, but the presence of Cav-1 in the membrane can reduce this effect. Furthermore, Cav-1 promotes endocytosis of damaged membrane, reducing the invasion of PLY.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Pneumococcal Vaccine on Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Vikash Jaiswal et al.

Summary: The study found that recipients of the pneumococcal vaccine (PV) were associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction (MI), but no significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality and stroke.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Respiratory System

The remarkable history of pneumococcal vaccination: an ongoing challenge

Daniel M. Musher et al.

Summary: The burden of pneumococcal infection varies globally and is particularly high among the elderly and younger adults with comorbid conditions. Vaccination is crucial in dealing with this infection. This manuscript reviews the history of pneumococcal vaccine development and the impact of different vaccines and vaccination strategies over the past 111 years. The article also discusses the challenges and ongoing research in developing serotype-independent vaccines.

PNEUMONIA (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Beta-Lactam Plus Macrolide for Patients Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Difference Between Autumn and Spring

Yoonjung Kim et al.

Summary: The 2017 Korean guideline recommended beta-lactam plus macrolide combination therapy for severe pneumonia and beta-lactam monotherapy for mild-to-moderate pneumonia. This retrospective cohort study of Korean CAP patients found that the combination therapy may be particularly effective for patients with CURB-65>=2, especially in autumn.

JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events During Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Are Serotype Dependent

Hector F. Africano et al.

Summary: This study found that MACE are common during IPD, with serotypes 3 and 9n independently associated with MACE, regardless of their frequency. Bacteremia occurred in a high percentage of patients with MACE, and MACE patients had significantly elevated serum concentrations of C-reactive protein compared to non-MACE patients.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Reversion of Pneumolysin-Induced Executioner Caspase Activation Redirects Cells to Survival

Andreas Nerlich et al.

Summary: Apoptosis is a critical mechanism for eliminating infected cells, and activation of executioner caspases is irreversible. However, research shows that a significant number of alveolar epithelial cells can survive after pneumolysin attack, with regulation of mitochondrial calcium amplitude and efflux rate determining cell survival or death. This finding suggests that controlling mitochondrial calcium regulation may be a useful therapeutic intervention during pneumococcal infection.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Correction Infectious Diseases

Acute cardiovascular events in patients with community acquired pneumonia: results from the observational prospective FADOI-ICECAP study (vol 21, 116, 2021)

Filippo Pieralli et al.

Summary: The paper has been amended and the updated version can be found in the original article.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Nonantimicrobial Actions of Macrolides: Overview and Perspectives for Future Development

Jennifer A. Kricker et al.

Summary: Macrolides, especially azithromycin, are widely prescribed for respiratory infections and exhibit time-dependent immunomodulatory actions that can benefit both infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases. Chronic use of these drugs can lead to bacterial resistance, but they have shown to enhance barrier properties of airway epithelial cells, contributing to therapeutic efficacy. Nonantibacterial macrolides are being studied for their immunomodulatory and barrier-strengthening properties to overcome the issue of resistance, with a focus on their beneficial effects in chronic inflammation and epithelial protection.

PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Pneumococal community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: Azithromycin remains protective despite macrolide resistance

Andrew F. Shorr et al.

Summary: Although macrolide resistance is common in Streptococcus pneumoniae ICU CAP, the addition of azithromycin to the antibiotic regimen is significantly associated with reduced in-hospital mortality, independent of multiple factors.

RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

A Multicenter Evaluation of the US Prevalence and Regional Variation in Macrolide-Resistant S. pneumoniae in Ambulatory and Hospitalized Adult Patients in the United States

Vikas Gupta et al.

Summary: A study conducted in 329 US hospitals from 2018 to 2019 found that 39.5% of 3626 nonduplicate Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from adult ambulatory and inpatient settings exhibited macrolide resistance. The resistance was significantly higher for respiratory isolates compared to blood isolates, as well as for ambulatory settings compared to inpatient settings. Despite regional variations, macrolide resistance in S. pneumoniae was over 25% in most regions.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Platelets after Pneumolysin Exposure

Eleftheria Letsiou et al.

Summary: This study explores the effects of pneumolysin (PLY) on neutrophils and platelets. It found that PLY induces the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophil extracellular vesicles (nEVs), and platelet extracellular vesicles (pl-EVs), and these interactions play a significant role in modulating platelet functions during pneumococcal infections.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Pneumolysin Is Responsible for Differential Gene Expression and Modifications in the Epigenetic Landscape of Primary Monocyte Derived Macrophages

Joby Cole et al.

Summary: The virulence factor pneumolysin influences epigenetic and transcriptional responses in macrophages infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, leading to altered innate immune response.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin and neuraminidase A convert high-density lipoproteins into pro-atherogenic particles

Shahan Syed et al.

Summary: Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin (PLY) and neuraminidase A (NanA) can impair HDL function by causing chemical and structural modifications to HDL particles, resulting in significant changes in sialic acid, protein, and lipid compositions. Accumulation of these modified HDL particles in the arterial intima may trigger complement activation, inflammatory response, and promote the progression of atherogenic disease.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Clarithromycin Inhibits Pneumolysin Production via Downregulation of ply Gene Transcription despite Autolysis Activation

Hisanori Domon et al.

Summary: Macrolides such as clarithromycin have been shown to inhibit pneumolysin release in macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (MRSP). Clarithromycin downregulates the gene encoding pneumolysin, decreases pneumococcal growth, and improves lung injury in a mouse model of pneumonia. Targeting pneumolysin may be a promising strategy for treating pneumococcal pneumonia.

MICROBIOLOGY SPECTRUM (2021)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

The Role of Macrolides for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Pneumonia by the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): A Position Paper by Four Medical Societies from Greece

Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.

Summary: Experts recommend the combination of beta-lactams and macrolides as the first-line treatment for severe bacterial CAP, and reserve this treatment for COVID-19 pneumonia patients only when bacterial co-infection is strongly suspected.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Unmet Clinical Needs

Joao Ferreira-Coimbra et al.

ADVANCES IN THERAPY (2020)

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Review Pathology

Endothelial Cell Calcium Signaling during Barrier Function and Inflammation

Prarthana J. Dalal et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Bacterial pore-forming toxin pneumolysin: Cell membrane structure and microvesicle shedding capacity determines differential survival of cell types

Yu Larpin et al.

FASEB JOURNAL (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Cardiovascular Events after Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Antonio Tralhao et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic

Joshua P. Metlay et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Pneumolysin: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Target

Andrew T. Nishimoto et al.

FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Vascular occlusion by neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19

Moritz Leppkes et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Inhibition of Necroptosis to Prevent Long-term Cardiac Damage During Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Invasive Disease

Sarah M. Beno et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Mannose receptor-derived peptides neutralize pore-forming toxins and reduce inflammation and development of pneumococcal disease

Karthik Subramanian et al.

EMBO MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Neutrophil extracellular traps infiltrate the lung airway, interstitial, and vascular compartments in severe COVID-19

Coraline Radermecker et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Host- and Pathogen-Related Factors for Acute Cardiac Events in Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Alexander Rombauts et al.

OPEN FORUM INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Macrophage LC3-associated phagocytosis is an immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae that diminishes with host aging

Megumi Inomata et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Hematology

Pneumolysin induces platelet destruction, not platelet activation, which can be prevented by immunoglobulin preparations in vitro

Kristin Jahn et al.

BLOOD ADVANCES (2020)

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Review Respiratory System

Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review

Saeed Shoar et al.

PNEUMONIA (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Effect of β-Lactam Plus Macrolide Versus Fluoroquinolone on 30-Day Readmissions for Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Travis T. Gilbert et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THERAPEUTICS (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Respiratory Fluoroquinolones Monotherapy vs. β-Lactams With or Without Macrolides for Hospitalized Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Sitong Liu et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2019)

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Article Infectious Diseases

CAL02, a novel antitoxin liposomal agent, in severe pneumococcal pneumonia: a first-in-human, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

Pierre-Francois Laterre et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2019)

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Article Immunology

Necroptotic Cell Death Promotes Adaptive Immunity Against Colonizing Pneumococci

Ashleigh Nichole Riegler et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Joshua P. Metlay et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Respiratory System

Macrolide combination therapy for patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia? An individualised approach supported by machine learning

Rainer Koenig et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2019)

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Review Physiology

Platelet Biogenesis in the Lung Circulation

Emma Lefrancais et al.

PHYSIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Microbiology

A Hypothesis-Generating Study of the Combination of Aspirin plus Macrolides in Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Marco Falcone et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Effect of Combined β-Lactam/Macrolide Therapy on Mortality According to the Microbial Etiology and Inflammatory Status of Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Adrian Ceccato et al.

CHEST (2019)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Outcomes of Macrolide Deescalation in Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia

Tiffany M. Hopkins et al.

CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS (2019)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Pathogenesis and prevention of risk of cardiovascular events in patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia

C. Feldman et al.

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Article Microbiology

Pneumolysin binds to the mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC-1) leading to anti-inflammatory responses and enhanced pneumococcal survival

Karthik Subramanian et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Azithromycin combination therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: propensity score analysis

Akihiro Ito et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Platelet-Neutrophil Interplay: Insights Into Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)-Driven Coagulation in Infection

Amanda Z. Zucoloto et al.

FRONTIERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE (2019)

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Editorial Material Respiratory System

Empiric antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia: A macrolide and a beta-lactam please!

Grant Waterer

RESPIROLOGY (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

The order of administration of macrolides and beta-lactams may impact the outcomes of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the community-acquired pneumonia organization

Paula Peyrani et al.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2018)

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Article Emergency Medicine

Ceftriaxone combination therapy versus respiratory fluoroquinolone monotherapy for community-acquired pneumonia: A meta-analysis

Ying-Qi Zhang et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Prognostic and Pathogenic Role of Angiopoietin-1 and-2 in Pneumonia

Birgitt Gutbier et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multifaceted Role of Pneumolysin in the Pathogenesis of Myocardial Injury in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Ronald Anderson et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2018)

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Review Immunology

Necroptosis: a regulated inflammatory mode of cell death

Yogesh K. Dhuriya et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2018)

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Article Microbiology

Mechanism of Macrolide-Induced Inhibition of Pneumolysin Release Involves Impairment of Autolysin Release in Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Hisanori Domon et al.

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY (2018)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Severity and properties of cardiac damage caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are strain dependent

Anukul T. Shenoy et al.

PLOS ONE (2018)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Moving Past the Routine Use of MacrolidesReviewing the Role of Combination Therapy in Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Geoffrey Shumilak et al.

CURRENT INFECTIOUS DISEASE REPORTS (2018)

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Article Respiratory System

Human alveolar macrophages predominately express combined classical M1 and M2 surface markers in steady state

Elena Mitsi et al.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2018)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Beneficial Effects of Vaccination on Cardiovascular Events: Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Heart Failure

Katerina Fountoulaki et al.

CARDIOLOGY (2018)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Pneumolysin mediates heterotypic aggregation of neutrophils and platelets in vitro

Jan G. Nel et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION (2017)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Is β-Lactam Plus Macrolide More Effective than β-Lactam Plus Fluoroquinolone among Patients with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia?: a Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

Jong Hoo Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

The lung is a site of platelet biogenesis and a reservoir for haematopoietic progenitors

Emma Lefrancais et al.

NATURE (2017)

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Article Microbiology

Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heart subvert the host response through biofilm-mediated resident macrophage killing

Anukul T. Shenoy et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2017)

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Article Education, Scientific Disciplines

Cardiovascular complications in patients with sickle cell disease

Mark T. Gladwin

HEMATOLOGY-AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY EDUCATION PROGRAM (2017)

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Review Immunology

Evolving Understanding of the Causes of Pneumonia in Adults, With Special Attention to the Role of Pneumococcus

Daniel M. Musher et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2017)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia Causes Acute Cardiac Toxicity and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Luis F. Reyes et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pore-forming toxin-mediated ion dysregulation leads to death receptor-independent necroptosis of lung epithelial cells during bacterial pneumonia

Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe et al.

CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION (2017)

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Article Hematology

Platelets and neutrophil extracellular traps collaborate to promote intravascular coagulation during sepsis in mice

Braedon McDonald et al.

BLOOD (2017)

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Article Immunology

Pneumolysin activates neutrophil extracellular trap formation

J. G. Nel et al.

CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Immunology

Infiltrated Macrophages Die of Pneumolysin-Mediated Necroptosis following Pneumococcal Myocardial Invasion

Ryan P. Gilley et al.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2016)

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Article Respiratory System

Pneumolysin Mediates Platelet Activation In Vitro

Jan Gert Nel et al.

LUNG (2016)

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Article Oncology

Capsules of virulent pneumococcal serotypes enhance formation of neutrophil extracellular traps during in vivo pathogenesis of pneumonia

Anandi Narayana Moorthy et al.

ONCOTARGET (2016)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Macrolide-Resistant Pneumococcus in Community-acquired Pneumonia Is There Still a Role for Macrolide Therapy?

Michael S. Niederman

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Cardiotoxicity during Invasive Pneumococcal Disease

Armand O. Brown et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

The Effect of Macrolide Resistance on the Presentation and Outcome of Patients Hospitalized for Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia

Catia Cilloniz et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2015)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ca2+-dependent repair of pneumolysin pores: A new paradigm for host cellular defense against bacterial pore-forming toxins

Heidi Wolfmeier et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH (2015)

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Article Microbiology

Streptococcus pneumoniae Translocates into the Myocardium and Forms Unique Microlesions That Disrupt Cardiac Function

Armand O. Brown et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2014)

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Article Immunology

Characterization of recombinant Streptococcus mitis-derived human platelet aggregation factor

Hisashi Ohkuni et al.

APMIS (2012)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Cardiac Complications in Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia Incidence, Timing, Risk Factors, and Association With Short-Term Mortality

Vicente F. Corrales-Medina et al.

CIRCULATION (2012)

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Article Microbiology

Export Requirements of Pneumolysin in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Katherine E. Price et al.

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY (2012)

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Review Cell Biology

The mannose receptor

Luisa Martinez-Pomares

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2012)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The Complex Role of Angiopoietin-2 in the Angiopoietin-Tie Signaling Pathway

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COLD SPRING HARBOR PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINE (2012)

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Article Immunology

In vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulant effects of antibiotics towards Platelet Activating Factor and thrombin

Alexandros B. Tsoupras et al.

JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON (2011)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Statins protect against fulminant pneumococcal infection and cytolysin toxicity in a mouse model of sickle cell disease

Jason W. Rosch et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2010)

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Article Microbiology

Pneumolysin Localizes to the Cell Wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Katherine E. Price et al.

JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY (2009)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Comparison of the effects of macrolides, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, tobramycin and fluoroquinolones, on the production of pneumolysin by Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro

R. Anderson et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2007)

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Article Immunology

The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events

Daniel M. Musher et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2007)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Role of platelet-activating factor in pneumolysin-induced acute lung injury

Martin Witzenrath et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2007)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Clarithromycin alone and in combination with ceftriaxone inhibits the production of pneumolysin by both macrolide-susceptible and macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

R. Anderson et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2007)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Role of pneumolysin for the development of acute lung injury in pneumococcal pneumonia

M Witzenrath et al.

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2006)

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Article Respiratory System

Effects of macrolides on pneumolysin of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Y Fukuda et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2006)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Antibiotic treatment and the diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in lower respiratory tract infections in adults

J Korsgaard et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2005)

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Review Immunology

Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin

JM Zuckerman

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (2004)

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Article Immunology

Upper and lower respiratory tract infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae is affected by pneumolysin deficiency and differences in capsule type

A Kadioglu et al.

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY (2002)

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Article Immunology

Proinflammatory interactions of pneumolysin with human neutrophils

R Cockeran et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2001)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Subinhibitory concentrations of erythromycin reduce pneumococcal adherence to respiratory epithelial cells in vitro

K Lagrou et al.

JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY (2000)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Staphylococcal α-toxin provokes coronary vasoconstriction and loss in myocardial contractility in perfused rat hearts -: Role of thromboxane generation

U Sibelius et al.

CIRCULATION (2000)

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The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy

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