Denosumab Attenuates Glucolipotoxicity-Induced β-Cell Dysfunction and Apoptosis by Attenuating RANK/RANKL Signals

Obesity is strongly associated with insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2D), mainly because free fatty acids (FFAs) are released from excess fat tissue. Long-term exposure to high levels of FFAs and glucose leads to glucolipotoxicity, causing damage to pancreatic beta-cells, thus accelerating the progression of T2D. Therefore, the prevention of beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis is essential to prevent the development of T2D. Unfortunately, there are currently no specific clinical strategies for protecting beta-cells, highlighting the need for effective therapies or preventive approaches to improve the survival of beta-cells in T2D. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that the monoclonal antibody denosumab (DMB), used in osteoporosis, displays a positive effect on blood glucose regulation in patients with T2D. DMB acts as an osteoprotegerin (OPG) by inhibiting the receptor activator of the NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL), preventing the maturation and function of osteoclasts. However, the exact mechanism by which the RANK/RANKL signal affects glucose homeostasis has not been fully explained. The present study used human 1.4 x 10(7) beta-cells to simulate the T2D metabolic condition of high glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs), and it investigated the ability of DMB to protect beta-cells from glucolipotoxicity. Our results show that DMB effectively attenuated the cell dysfunction and apoptosis caused by high glucose and FFAs in beta-cells. This may be caused by blocking the RANK/RANKL pathway that reduced mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1 (MST1) activation and indirectly increased pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) expression. Furthermore, the increase in inflammatory cytokines and ROS caused by the RANK/RANKL signal also played an important role in glucolipotoxicity-induced cytotoxicity, and DMB can also protect beta-cells by reducing the mechanisms mentioned above. These findings provide detailed molecular mechanisms for the future development of DMB as a potential protective agent of beta-cells.

Automated summary

Obesity is strongly linked to insulin sensitivity in T2D due to the release of FFAs from excess fat tissue. Long-term exposure to high levels of FFAs and glucose causes glucolipotoxicity, damaging pancreatic beta-cells and accelerating T2D progression. Protecting beta-cell function and preventing apoptosis is crucial in T2D prevention. Recent studies have shown that DMB, a monoclonal antibody used in osteoporosis, has a positive effect on blood glucose regulation in T2D patients. The present study investigated DMB's ability to protect beta-cells from glucolipotoxicity and found that it effectively attenuated cell dysfunction and apoptosis by blocking the RANK/RANKL pathway and reducing inflammation and ROS. This study provides important molecular mechanisms for the development of DMB as a potential beta-cell protective agent.