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Review
Environmental Sciences
Ruixiang Li et al.
Summary: This review provides an overview of the application of microbial electrochemical system (MES) in soil and sediment remediation. By introducing the removal mechanisms of different pollutants and discussing the recent progress in reactor configurations, electrode arrangements, and electrode materials, strategies for enhancing the remediation performance are proposed. The review also summarizes the materials used to amend soil and sediments and their corresponding enhancement principles. The findings of this review can fill the gaps in SMES development and guide practical application.
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ruben Lopez-Vizcaino et al.
Summary: This article presents a new version of the M4EKR code adapted for two-dimensional domains and demonstrates its capabilities in studying electrokinetic treatments in unsaturated media. The study shows that the efficiency of soil saturation and energy consumption depend on the number of electrodes, distance between them, and the ratio between the two magnitudes.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Ahmed Abou-Shady et al.
South African Journal of Chemical Engineering
(2023)
Article
Ahmed Abou-Shady et al.
South African Journal of Chemical Engineering
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jie Hou et al.
Summary: The study focused on the degradation and mobilization of PFOA and PFOS through electrochemical treatments in a simulated saturated soil source zone. Significant defluorination and electromigration were observed, indicating the removal of PFOA and PFOS primarily through destruction. This research contributes to the understanding of simultaneous desorption, mobilization, and destruction of PFAS in saturated soil under a low-intensity electrical field.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yue Song et al.
Summary: The study compared two-compartment membrane electrochemical remediation (MER) based on the anode process and the cathode process for treating multi metal-contaminated soil. Results showed that MER based on the cathode process had lower soil environmental risk, high remediation ability, and demonstrated economic and environmental advantages.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Miaomiao Zhao et al.
Summary: The study developed an effective enhanced EKR technology for Cd-contaminated soil using low voltage gradient, array adsorption zone, and polarity exchange. By combining these techniques, optimal remediation efficiency of 83% was achieved with lower energy consumption compared to other enhancement methods.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Michele Maidel et al.
Summary: By optimizing the process conditions such as sulfuric acid concentration and applied electric field, the electrokinetic remediation assistance on the leaching of spent FCC catalysts can improve the mass transfer performance of lanthanum and achieve energy-efficient and acid-saving recovery of lanthanum under the tested conditions.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Yujie Yan et al.
Summary: This study investigates the effects of graphite particles as third electrodes on the performance of stationary electrodialytic remediation (EDR) for the removal of arsenic, chromium, and copper contamination in soil. The results show that introducing graphite particles is most beneficial for copper removal, while the removal of chromium and arsenic is not significantly improved. Additionally, the presence of graphite particles reduces energy consumption.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Joao Miller de Melo Henrique et al.
Summary: This study evaluates the remediation of lindane-contaminated soil using electrokinetic soil flushing combined with air stripping. It was found that flushing fluids containing SDS can efficiently transport lindane, and a significant amount of lindane can be removed through volatilization and stripping. The presence of a strongly alkaline medium leads to the rapid transformation of lindane into other species. Operating with large electric fields does not improve the performance of the treatment technology.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yuting Zhang et al.
Summary: Research on electrokinetics-permeable reactive barrier (EK-PRB) remediation has mainly focused on homogeneous soils or soils with micro-scale heterogeneities. The potential impact of macro-scale physical heterogeneities, such as stratified layers or lenses, on EK-PRB remediation has not received much attention. This study investigates the effect of a low permeability stratum on EK-PRB remediation of hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)). It was found that the location of the low permeability zone relative to electrode positions significantly affects the removal efficiency of Cr(VI), highlighting the importance of macro-scale physical heterogeneity in EK-PRB remediation.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Wu Xiao-hui et al.
Summary: Steel corrosion is a major cause of deterioration in chloride-contaminated reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Electrochemical chloride extraction (ECE) is a nondestructive repair method that removes chloride ions from RC structures. Electrokinetic models based on different potential theories are commonly used to study ECE processes. This study conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these models in terms of potential distribution, current density, charge quantity, and ion concentration. Numerical simulations of two commonly used ECE methods were also performed and compared with actual ECE data. The results suggest that the electroneutrality model is more appropriate for electrokinetic modeling than the constant potential and Gauss' law models, despite potential overestimation of residual chloride concentration and underestimation of current density and hydroxyl concentration.
ADVANCES IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Andriy Yaroshchuk
Summary: Energy harvesting from evaporation is a hot topic, and electrokinetic energy conversion is one of the possible mechanisms. In this critical review, the available knowledge from the fields of electrokinetics and evaporation from porous materials is combined to form a coherent picture of electrokinetic electricity generation during evaporation. The correlations between system performance and various parameters are formulated, and their agreement with experimental data is compared.
ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Zhaohua Sun et al.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Mohammad A. Alkhadra et al.
Summary: This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. They directly remove contaminants from water, enabling efficient removal of trace pollutants.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Qinqin Xu et al.
Summary: This paper elaborates on the state-of-art in situ remediation technology for contaminated sediment, including water diversion, capping, electrokinetic remediation, chemical amendments, bioremediation, and combined remediation. The mechanisms and latest research progress of these techniques are systematically reviewed. The information provided can help select appropriate and effective remediation techniques for heavy metal-contaminated sediment in specific scenarios.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Princewill M. Ikpeka et al.
Journal of Engineering and Applied Science
(2022)
Article
Fang Xiao et al.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
(2022)
Article
Electrochemistry
Joao Miller de Melo Henrique et al.
Summary: This paper describes the treatment of soil contaminated with a mixture of phenol and o-chlorophenol using a combination of Electrokinetic Soil Flushing with Air Stripping (EKSF-AS) in a bench-scale plant. The results demonstrate that this combination is a viable alternative for soil remediation, despite some unexpected findings.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Andrea Gallo et al.
Summary: The use of electrokinetics shows great potential in remediation of contaminants in low-permeability porous media. This study experimentally investigates electrokinetic transport in heterogeneous porous media and optimizes the delivery method.
JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Brian Gidudu et al.
Summary: Electrokinetic remediation is a promising technology for remediating polluted environments. It utilizes five fundamental processes - electrolysis, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, diffusion, and electromigration - to achieve decontamination. To ensure sustainability, effective processes with low environmental impact and cleaner alternative solutions need to be pursued.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yan-feng Zhuang
Summary: An E-tube system is proposed to provide vertical gradient electro-osmosis and improve vacuum condition in deep soft ground. The consolidation effect is enhanced by the upward water flow generated by vertical gradient electro-osmosis and the improved vacuum condition achieved by gathering water in the E-tube. Field test results demonstrate significant improvements in consolidation, including decreased water content, increased dry density, and improved shear strength and bearing capacity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOSYNTHETICS AND GROUND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
V. P. Meshalkin et al.
Summary: This study developed a new electrochemical process for cleaning oil-contaminated soils in situ without excavation operations or the use of chemical reagents. Experimental results showed a decrease in contaminant concentrations after treatment with small direct currents. Electrode arrangements were proposed to ensure even treatment of soils based on terrain and contamination levels.
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
I. V. Kumpanenko et al.
Summary: This paper studies the electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with cadmium and zinc. The concentration of pollutants at different points in the soil is measured and compared with theoretical calculations. The study proposes a method for calculating the boundary between polluted and unpolluted areas, and shows that the absence of deviation in the remediation process allows for predicting the time and percentage of soil purification.
RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Alanah Fitch et al.
Summary: This article reviews many successful electrochemical techniques for the remediation of water and soils. These techniques can be applied independently or combined with other non-electrochemical technologies for enhanced effects.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
A. R. Latifi et al.
Summary: This study investigates the theory of electrokinetic barrier process and models it using numerical methods. The experimental results show good agreement with the numerical model.
RESULTS IN ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kitsadee Wanitsawatwichai et al.
Summary: This research investigates the combined effect of Mott dwarf Napier grass cultivation and electrokinetic treatment on arsenic mobility and remediation of arsenic-contaminated mine tailings. The study found that a 1 V/cm electromagnetic field treatment had the best arsenic remediation efficiency compared to other treatments, although a 4 V/cm treatment inhibited plant growth. Arsenic primarily accumulated in the roots and stems of the plants, with higher accumulation in the roots than in the stems and leaves.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Yan-feng Zhuang
Summary: The field test of electro-osmotic consolidation with an area of 800 square meters demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale application, along with proposing strategies for smart DC power sources and design methods for electro-osmotic consolidation.
GEOTEXTILES AND GEOMEMBRANES
(2021)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Karyn Nathallye de Oliveira Silva et al.
Summary: In recent years, electrochemical technologies have been widely utilized for removing contaminants, with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes being considered efficient materials for eliminating persistent organic pollutants in soil-washing effluents. This review summarizes the application of conductive diamond anodes for treating soil-washing effluents contaminated with different organic pollutants and discusses challenges and future research directions of electrochemical technology.
CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Dongdong Wen et al.
Summary: Soil contaminated by inorganic pollutants poses risks to human health and the environment, with electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technology being widely used for cleaning contaminated sites. Efforts to establish optimal operating conditions and understand the mechanisms of EKR have not yet resulted in a comprehensive theoretical foundation.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Kangwei Tang et al.
Summary: Electro-osmosis is an effective method for reducing moisture content in compacted subgrade soils, with the potential to improve pavement performance. The type of electrode material used, supply voltage levels, and dry densities all impact the efficiency of electro-osmosis. Proper voltage control is crucial for optimizing performance and energy efficiency. Future research should focus on improving electrode-soil contact to minimize energy wastage.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiaolin Zhang et al.
Summary: The study successfully remediated oil-contaminated soil by constructing a plant-microbial-electrochemical system (PMES), removing 18.0 +/- 3.0% of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and highlighting the key role of external potential in regulating degradation microorganisms.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Yuchen Wang et al.
Summary: Electrokinetic remediation is an effective technology for increasing the efficiency of heavy metal removal from contaminated soil. Various working components, such as supplying power for electric fields, installing electrodes, introducing electrolytes, play crucial roles in the electrokinetic system. A judicious design and reasonable operation are needed to enhance the effectiveness of heavy metal removal in electrokinetic-coupled remediation.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Ana Teresa Lima et al.
Summary: Rare earth elements (REE) are essential for sustainable energies and circular societies. Current focus is on remediation of contaminated soils and extraction of REE, with methods like phytoremediation, soil washing, and electrokinetic treatment showing promising results for resource recovery.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dongdong Wen et al.
Summary: This study comprehensively investigates the inhibition characteristics of the electrokinetic removal (EKR) of inorganic pollutants from soil due to the evolution of the acidic and alkaline fronts (EAAF). The effects and control mechanisms of EAAF on the transport of target species are systematically examined, providing insights into improving the removal efficiency of target contaminants.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Colin Hunter et al.
Summary: In this study, bender elements were used in electrokinetic treatment tests to monitor the increase in shear strength of soft sandy clay. Monitoring soil improvement through bender elements can shorten treatment time, reduce energy consumption, and consistently improve shear strength and load capacity.
SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Mohammad Kayes et al.
Summary: The study developed an electrokinetic treatment method to form calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) in wood pores, enhancing mechanical properties. By attracting charged silica particles and calcium ions to react within the wood pores, the elastic modulus of the wood was increased and porosity was reduced. Future work will focus on examining the durability of mechanical properties with weathering exposure.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
B. K. Pandey et al.
Summary: The study demonstrated that the use of e-ESC significantly improved the performance of soft clay, increasing the undrained shear strength and modulus of subgrade reaction, while reducing settlement and compression index. Additionally, the application of a voltage gradient between the electrodes altered the pH, chemical composition, mineral phases, and microfabric of the soft clay.
GEOTEXTILES AND GEOMEMBRANES
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yuxin Chen et al.
Summary: The paper reviews the progress of EK remediation technology for POPs in soil in recent years, highlighting the need for further research and evaluation of some technologies and the impact of field conditions on remediation effectiveness. Emerging technologies such as advanced oxidation and nanotechnology have demonstrated high POPs removal rates when combined with EK remediation technology.
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Matteo Tucci et al.
Summary: Microbial electrochemical technologies (MET) are increasingly being considered for environmental remediation applications due to their unique capabilities. However, challenges remain in applying MET for the remediation of soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons. Specific strategies are needed to address the limited radius-of-influence of electrodes buried in contaminated soils, and pilot-scale testing is necessary to validate promising laboratory results.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Lei Zhang et al.
Summary: Combining electro-osmotic consolidation with vacuum preloading (VP-I-ECM) on marine clay has shown to improve water discharge, settlement, shear strength, and bearing capacity, while also reducing anode erosion and energy consumption. This combined technique provides practical benefits for construction requirements and significantly enhances the performance of marine clay.
GEOTEXTILES AND GEOMEMBRANES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
C. Morales et al.
Summary: Electrofarming technology has been shown to improve soil properties, increase seed germination rates, and enhance plant growth, while also benefiting microbial populations and physicochemical properties of the soil, with some aspects demonstrating superiority over conventional farming practices.
JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yi Zheng et al.
Summary: The combination of UV light with EKR technology utilizing natural organic matters and minerals in contaminated soil effectively reduced hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium without the need for additional chemical reagents. This method improved the efficiency of EKR in soil near the anodic reservoir.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
S. Maldonado et al.
Summary: The study shows that the PRB-EKSF process mainly relies on electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation for treating contaminated soil, while the adsorption on GAC is not as crucial as expected. In the pilot scale, a significant amount of clopyralid remained in the soil after treatment, and the transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Laura Earnden et al.
Summary: The study proposed using alkaline zein-GNP solutions as conductive materials and barriers to control NAPL migration, with promising results. Experiments conducted in simulated aquifers showed that this method had a good removal efficiency for NAPLs.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
M. Ishaq et al.
Summary: This study investigates the influence of electric potential, electric current, and pH distribution on the electrokinetic desalination of sodium chloride contaminated specimens of fired clay brick and sandstone. The results show that ingress of acidic and alkaline fronts affects the removal of salt ions by diminishing the effect of electric field and current intensities. The addition of buffering agents in poultices effectively suppresses pH changes and enhances the removal efficiency of Na+ and Cl- ions from the specimens.
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Elahe Karami et al.
Summary: The review summarizes the potential of three methods to accelerate the movement of lixiviant ions in an in-situ recovery process, with the aim of improving mass transfer rates. The mechanism of ion migration under different accelerating conditions compared with that by diffusion only is discussed.
MINERALS ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Tao Huang et al.
Summary: Activated carbon-supported hydroxycarbonate green rust (GR-AC) was utilized for the removal of Sr2+ ions from solutions, with the addition of electrokinetics coupling to enhance the uptake in fixed-bed columns. The study found that the specific reaction pathways for Sr2+ removal varied with pH ranges, and factors such as voltage gradients, flow rates, and initial pH significantly influenced the removal of Sr2+ cations. The optimal combination of parameters for column-mode experiments included a voltage gradient of 1.0 V/cm, an initial pH of 10, and a flow rate of 5-15 mL/min.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Anish Saini et al.
Summary: The study investigated the remediation of TPH in contaminated soil using EK treatment, finding reductions in TPH concentrations even at a depth of 24 cm and more significant remediation near the cathodes.
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Xiao He et al.
Summary: The study demonstrated that a 3D EKR system utilizing S-nZVI as the third electrode can enhance current efficiency, improve voltage distribution uniformity, and effectively increase the removal efficiency of chromium. S-nZVI exhibited higher stability and electrokinetic efficiency compared to other materials used as third electrodes.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Dingsheng Zhao et al.
Summary: The study successfully synthesized the ternary composite of WS2-FeOCl-PANI as an auxiliary electrode, improving the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation of Cr(VI) contaminated soil by 20% compared to the situation without an auxiliary electrode. Additionally, the application of WS2-FeOCl-PANI also promoted the reduction rate of Cr(VI) in contaminated soil to around 90%.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Geological
Fang Xiao et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the feasibility of using EKG electrode for sludge dewatering and consolidation through experiments, and found that under a certain voltage gradient, EKG electrode had higher electroosmosis efficiency.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOSYNTHETICS AND GROUND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Tian Li et al.
Summary: Biological method, specifically Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs), which combine electrochemistry with biological methods, have been widely used to remediate polluted environments, including soil. BESs convert pollutants into low-polluting or nonpolluting substances, making them a promising technology in soil decontamination.
GREEN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
(2021)
Proceedings Paper
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zunaithur Rahman et al.
Summary: The pollution load to the earth's crust is increasing due to the atmospheric deposition of heavy metals emitted from vehicles and industrial plants. Urban communities with industrial waste generation have contaminated Indian soil with lethal and mutagenic impacts of heavy metals even at low levels. Current research focuses on the hazards of excessive metal levels in soil, human health, and forest habitats, as well as the development of cost-effective remediation strategies.
MATERIALS TODAY-PROCEEDINGS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Arthur Dizon et al.
CURRENT OPINION IN ELECTROCHEMISTRY
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ahmed Abou-Shady et al.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2018)
Article
Electrochemistry
Ahmed Abou-Shady
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2016)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Lixia Ren et al.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2014)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ahmed Abou-Shady et al.
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
(2012)
Review
Engineering, Chemical
Bo-Kyong Kim et al.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2011)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
Guiqun Peng et al.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2010)
Article
Electrochemistry
Violetta Ferri et al.
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
(2009)
