Enhance the oral insulin delivery route using a modified chitosan-based formulation fabricated by microwave

Chitosan (Cs) was subjected to ball milling and subsequently functionalized with Dinitro salicylic acid (Cs-DNS) to enhance the efficacy of oral insulin delivery. The hydrodynamic spherical particle sizes exhibited 33.29 & PLUSMN; 5.08 nm for modified Cs-DNS NPs. Irrespective of insulin entrapment, zeta potential measurements revealed positively charged Cs-DNS NPs (+ 35 & PLUSMN; 3.5 mV). The entrapment performance (EP%) was evaluated in vitro, and insulin release patterns at various pH levels. The EP% for Cs-DNS NPs was 99.3 & PLUSMN; 1.6. Cs- DNS NPs retained a considerable amount of insulin (92 %) in an acidic medium, and significant quantities were released at increasing pH values over time. In vivo investigations, the diabetic rats which taken insulin-incorporated NPs had lower serum glucose levels (SGL) after 3 h to (39.4 & PLUSMN; 0.6 %) for Cs- DNS NPs. For insulin-incorporated Cs- DNS NPs, the bioavailability (BA%) and pharmacological availability (PA%) were 17.5 & PLUSMN; 0.31 % and 8.6 & PLUSMN; 0.8 %, respectively. The assertion above highlights the significance and effectiveness of modified chitosan in promoting insulin delivery, decreasing SGL levels, and guaranteeing safety.

Automated summary

Chitosan was modified and functionalized to improve oral insulin delivery. The Cs-DNS NPs had a particle size of 33.29 ± 5.08 nm and positive zeta potential. In vitro experiments showed high insulin entrapment efficiency and gradual release at different pH levels. In vivo experiments demonstrated that insulin-incorporated Cs-DNS NPs effectively lowered serum glucose levels, with a bioavailability of 17.5 ± 0.31% and pharmacological availability of 8.6 ± 0.8%.