Secure and Efficient Two-Party Quantum Scalar Product Protocol With Application to Privacy-Preserving Matrix Multiplication

Secure two-party scalar product (S2SP) is a promising research area within secure multiparty computation (SMC), which can solve a range of SMC problems, such as intrusion detection, data analysis, and geometric computations. However, existing quantum S2SP protocols are not efficient enough, and the complexity is usually close to exponential level. In this paper, a novel secure two-party quantum scalar product (S2QSP) protocol based on Fourier entangled states is proposed to achieve higher efficiency. Firstly, the definition of unconditional security under malicious models is given. And then, an honesty verification method called Entanglement Bondage is proposed, which is used in conjunction with the modular summation gate to resist malicious attacks. The property of Fourierentangled states is used to calculate the scalar product with polynomial complexity. The unconditional security of our protocol is proved, which guarantees the privacy of all parties. In addition, we design a privacy-preserving quantum matrix multiplication protocol based on S2QSP protocol. By transforming matrix multiplication into a series of scalar product processes, the product of two private matrices is calculated without revealing any privacy. Finally, we show our protocol's feasibility in IBM Qiskit simulator.

Automated summary

In this paper, a novel secure two-party quantum scalar product (S2QSP) protocol based on Fourier entangled states is proposed to achieve higher efficiency. The definition of unconditional security under malicious models is given, and an honesty verification method called Entanglement Bondage is proposed, which is used in conjunction with the modular summation gate to resist malicious attacks. The property of Fourier entangled states is used to calculate the scalar product with polynomial complexity. The unconditional security of our protocol is proved, which guarantees the privacy of all parties. Additionally, a privacy-preserving quantum matrix multiplication protocol based on S2QSP protocol is designed.