Fast neurotransmitter identity of MCH neurons: Do contents depend on context?

Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons participate in many fundamental neuroendocrine processes. While some of their effects can be attributed to MCH itself, others appear to depend on co-released neurotransmitters. Historically, the subject of fast neurotransmitter co-release from MCH neurons has been contentious, with data to support MCH neurons releasing GABA, glutamate, both, and neither. Rather than assuming a position in that debate, this review considers the evidence for all sides and presents an alternative explanation: neurochemical identity, including classical neurotransmitter content, is subject to change. With an emphasis on the variability of experimental details, we posit that MCH neurons may release GABA and/or glutamate at different points according to environmental and contextual factors. Through the lens of the MCH system, we offer evidence that the field of neuroendocrinology would benefit from a more nuanced and dynamic interpretation of neurotransmitter identity.

Automated summary

Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons play important roles in neuroendocrine processes, and their effects may be influenced by co-released neurotransmitters. The debate on fast neurotransmitter co-release from MCH neurons has been controversial, with data supporting different possibilities. Instead of taking a stance in this debate, this review proposes an alternative explanation: the neurochemical identity of MCH neurons, including classical neurotransmitter content, can change. We suggest that MCH neurons may release GABA and/or glutamate at different points based on environmental and contextual factors. Through the perspective of the MCH system, we provide evidence that the field of neuroendocrinology would benefit from a more nuanced and dynamic interpretation of neurotransmitter identity.