Savanna tree regrowth after defoliation explained by bud activation rather than reserve mobilization

Livestock rearing is increasing in savannas, so the ability of trees to regrow after consumption represents one of the critical aspects of savanna structure and functioning. Here, we identified specific traits-which may explain the mechanisms behind defoliation tolerance-in saplings of two encroacher tree species (Vachellia caven and Vachellia aroma). We carried out common garden and field experiments where manual defoliation treatments simulated the cattle grazing regime employed in the study region. At the end of the experiments, we recorded growth variables and, in the common garden experiment, root reserves concentration. In the common garden, defoliation decreased height and basal diameter growth but did not affect the aerial relative growth rate. Also, defoliation increased the number of branches per plant and decreased root relative growth rate. Starch con-centration was higher or similar in defoliated plants than controls, depending on the species. In the field, defoliation decreased both species' height and basal diameter growth. We found that tree saplings tolerated defoliation, and the mechanisms behind tolerance would be linked mainly to the axillary bud activation and not to storage reserve mobilization. Over time, these plant architectural changes might complicate cattle movement and management in these systems. From a long-term perspective, livestock rearing might retard juvenile recruitment into reproductive-size classes (e.g., adults) by reducing overall tree growth rates.

Automated summary

Livestock rearing is increasing in savannas, and the ability of trees to regrow after consumption is crucial for savanna structure and functioning. This study identified specific traits that may explain the mechanisms behind defoliation tolerance in saplings of two encroacher tree species. The experiments showed that defoliation decreased growth but did not affect relative growth rate, and increased the number of branches per plant and decreased root relative growth rate. The study highlights the potential impact of livestock grazing on tree growth rates and management in savanna ecosystems.