Green Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles from Laurus nobilis L. Extract for Enhanced Gelatin-Based Films and CEF@SnO2 for Efficient Antibacterial Activity

The green synthesis method was used to prepare SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from Laurus nobilis L. aqueous extract. Gelatinbased films are a promising substitute for traditional plastics due to their eco-friendliness, low cost, and pliability. However, they have some drawbacks such as high water solubility, poor opacity, and permeability to vapor. The use of synthesized SnO2 NPs can help address these concerns. The GEL/SnO2 film has enhanced morphological and physicochemical properties, with antibacterial properties that could extend the shelf life of perishable items like strawberries, contributing to reducing food waste. To improve their antibacterial activity, the SnO2 NPs were functionalized with the cefazolin (CEF) drug. The synthesized SnO2 NPs and the CEF@SnO2 nanocomposite (NC) were characterized using various techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that the particle sizes of SnO2 NPs and CEF@SnO2 NC were 28 nm and 35 nm, respectively, and SEM analysis revealed spherical- shaped agglomerated particles for both. The optical bandgap energy was calculated to be 3.3 and 2.34 eV for SnO2 NPs and CEF@SnO2 NC, respectively. The antibacterial activity exhibits an excellent inhibition zone for synthesized SnO2 NPs and the CEF@SnO2 NC with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mM) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. CEF@SnO2 NC revealed a strong effect compared to SnO2 NPs, where 5 mM shows the highest inhabitation zone. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental data, indicating the interaction between proteins and the CEF@SnO2. This approach offers an innovative way of synthesizing drug-loaded SnO2 NPs as functional biomaterials.

Automated summary

SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized using a green method and incorporated into gelatin-based films to enhance their properties and provide antibacterial activity. The functionalized CEF@SnO2 nanocomposite showed stronger antibacterial effects and has potential for extending the shelf life of perishable items.