Metabolic characteristics of keto-adapted ultra-endurance runners

Background. Many successful ultra-endurance athletes have switched from a high carbohydrate to a low-carbohydrate diet, but they have not previously been studied to determine the extent of metabolic adaptations. Methods. Twenty elite ultra-marathoners and ironman distance triathletes performed a maximal graded exercise test and a 180 min submaximal run at 64% VO(2)max on a treadmill to determine metabolic responses. One group habitually consumed a traditional high carbohydrate (HC: n = 10, %carbohydrate:protein:fat = 59:14:25) diet, and the other a low carbohydrate (LC; n = 10, 10:19:70) diet for an average of 20 months (range 9 to 36 months). Results. Peak fat oxidation was 2.3-fold higher in the LC group (1.54 +/- 0.18 vs 0.67 +/- 0.14 g/min; P = 0.000) and it occurred at a higher percentage of VO(2)max (70.3 +/- 6.3 vs 54.9 +/- 7.8%; P = 0.000). Mean fat oxidation during submaximal exercise was 59% higher in the LC group (1.21 +/- 0.02 vs 0.76 +/- 0.11 g/min; P = 0.000) corresponding to a greater relative contribution of fat (88 +/- 2 vs 56 +/- 8%; P = 0.000). Despite these marked differences in fuel use between LC and HC athletes, there were no significant differences in resting muscle glycogen and the level of depletion after 180 min of running (-64% from pre-exercise) and 120 min of recovery (-36% from pre-exercise). Conclusion. Compared to highly trained ultra-endurance athletes consuming an HC diet, long-term keto-adaptation results in extraordinarily high rates of fat oxidation, whereas muscle glycogen utilization and repletion patterns during and after a 3 hour run are similar. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).