4.3 Review

Muscle invasive bladder cancer: where is the field headed?

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

High- or low-dose preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III urothelial cancer: the phase 1B NABUCCO trial

Jeroen van Dorp et al.

Summary: Cohort 1 of the phase 1B NABUCCO trial showed high pCR rates with preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in stage III UC. In cohort 2, dose adjustment was aimed to optimize responses. Absence of ctDNA in plasma can predict PFS in stage III UC patients treated with high-dose ipilimumab plus nivolumab.

NATURE MEDICINE (2023)

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Rebecca L. Siegel et al.

Summary: Each year, the American Cancer Society compiles data on cancer occurrence and outcomes in the United States. The latest data shows that breast and prostate cancer progress has stagnated, while lung cancer has shown improvements in survival rates. Lung cancer incidence for advanced disease has declined while localized-stage rates have increased, resulting in higher survival rates. Mortality patterns align with incidence trends, with lung cancer deaths declining rapidly, breast cancer deaths slowing, and prostate cancer deaths stabilizing.

CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS (2022)

Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Emerging strategies for the improvement of chemotherapy in bladder cancer: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Sen Liu et al.

Summary: This review presents current evidence for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in bladder cancer. The combination of chemotherapy with other treatments, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, is discussed. Studies have shown that these combination therapies can improve the response rate and survival of patients receiving chemotherapy. Additionally, potential targets and approaches that may enhance chemosensitivity are explored.

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Final Results of Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Cisplatin-ineligible Patients with Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder

Bernadett Szabados et al.

Summary: The results of the ABACUS trial showed that neoadjuvant atezolizumab in MIBC is associated with significant clinical responses and high DFS. CD8+ expression and serial ctDNA levels are correlated with outcomes and may contribute to personalized therapy in the future.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2022)

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Dose-Dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin or Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as Perioperative Chemotherapy for Patients With Nonmetastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of the GETUG-AFU V05 VESPER Trial

Christian Pfister et al.

Summary: In the VESPER trial, dd-MVAC demonstrated improved 3-year progression-free survival over GC regimen. Particularly in the neoadjuvant group, dd-MVAC showed better bladder tumor control and significant improvement in 3-year progression-free survival.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY (2022)

Article Oncology

Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab and Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer: 3-Year Median Follow-Up Update of PURE-01 Trial

Giuseppe Basile et al.

Summary: The PURE-01 study confirms the sustained efficacy of neoadjuvant immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma (MIBC). PD-L1 expression is the strongest predictor of sustained response post-RC.

CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH (2022)

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Enfortumab Vedotin Plus Pembrolizumab in Previously Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer

Christopher J. Hoimes et al.

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Clinical Restaging and Tumor Sequencing are Inaccurate Indicators of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Russell E. N. Becker et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the accuracy of post-NAC clinical restaging with or without tumor sequencing to predict final RC pathologic staging. The findings suggest that currently available staging tools and tumor DNA sequencing cannot reliably identify patients with good response to upfront chemotherapy.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2021)

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Cystoscopy and Systematic Bladder Tissue Sampling in Predicting pT0 Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Trial

Matthew Zibelman et al.

Summary: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and limitations of cystoscopic evaluation in candidates for radical cystectomy, showing that systematic endoscopic evaluation was unable to accurately predict post-operative pathology results. Further research is needed to explore novel imaging and biomarker strategies to optimize decision making regarding bladder preservation.

JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2021)

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Adjuvant atezolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor010): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial

Joaquim Bellmunt et al.

Summary: IMvigor010 is the largest adjuvant study evaluating a checkpoint inhibitor in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. The trial did not show improved disease-free survival with atezolizumab compared to observation. Atezolizumab was generally well tolerated, but higher rates of adverse events leading to discontinuation were reported compared to previous studies on metastatic urothelial carcinoma.

LANCET ONCOLOGY (2021)

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ctDNA guiding adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma

Thomas Powles et al.

Summary: The study found that using ctDNA testing to identify high-risk patients for relapse after surgery may improve treatment outcomes, with atezolizumab showing potential benefits in this patient population.

NATURE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Adjuvant Nivolumab versus Placebo in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma

D. F. Bajorin et al.

Summary: In a trial involving patients with high-risk muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma who had undergone radical surgery, adjuvant nivolumab showed longer disease-free survival compared to placebo, especially among patients with a PD-L1 expression level of 1% or more, despite an increase in treatment-related adverse events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Urology & Nephrology

A Consensus Molecular Classification of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer

Aurelie Kamoun et al.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2020)

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Treatment of muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer in 2020

Vaibhav G. Patel et al.

CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS (2020)

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Urine DNA methylation assay enables early detection and recurrence monitoring for bladder cancer

Xu Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in locoregionally advanced urothelial cancer: the NABUCCO trial

Nick van Dijk et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Molecular and histopathology directed therapy for advanced bladder cancer

Constantine Alifrangis et al.

NATURE REVIEWS UROLOGY (2019)

Review Cell Biology

Staging of bladder cancer

Martin J. Magers et al.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (2019)

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TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells

Sanjeev Mariathasan et al.

NATURE (2018)

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Treatment of Non-Metastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO Guideline

Sam S. Chang et al.

JOURNAL OF UROLOGY (2017)

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Bladder cancer

Ashish M. Kamat et al.

LANCET (2016)

Review Urology & Nephrology

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Urothelial Bladder Cancer

Maximilian Burger et al.

EUROPEAN UROLOGY (2013)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CTLA-4 blockade increases IFNγ-producing CD4+ICOShi cells to shift the ratio of effector to regulatory T cells in cancer patients

Chrysoula I. Liakou et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2008)

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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer

HB Grossman et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2003)