Functional tics: Expanding the phenotypes of functional movement disorders?

Article Clinical Neurology

European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome 2022 criteria for clinical diagnosis of functional tic-like behaviours: International consensus from experts in tic disorders

Tamara Pringsheim et al.

Summary: In 2020, there was a significant increase in referrals for young people with rapid onset of severe tic-like behaviors. A working group was formed to develop clinical criteria for the diagnosis of functional tic-like behaviors (FTLBs) to aid in recognition and diagnosis by healthcare professionals.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

New-onset functional tics during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical characteristics of 105 cases from a single centre

Andrea Eugenio Cavanna et al.

Summary: This study confirms the significant increase in functional tics among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the clinical differences between functional tics and neurodevelopmental tics. The findings are based on data from the largest single-centre cohort to date, which includes 105 patients who developed functional tics during the pandemic.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

The spectrum of functional tic-like behaviours: Data from an international registry

Davide Martino et al.

Summary: There has been a significant increase in adolescents and young adults seeking urgent help for functional tic-like behaviors (FTLBs) between 2019 and 2022. An international collaborative group collected retrospective data to better understand this spectrum and its clinical differences from primary tic disorders. The study findings suggest that social media exposure may be a relevant contributing factor to FTLBs.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2023)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Distinguishing functional from primary tics: a study of expert video assessments

Antigony Rigas et al.

Summary: This study revealed that the diagnostic distinction between primary and functional tics is often difficult, even for expert clinicians, in the absence of clinical information.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY NEUROSURGERY AND PSYCHIATRY (2023)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on incidence of tics in children and young people: a population-based cohort study

Ruth H. Jack et al.

Summary: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in sudden and new onset tics, particularly affecting teenage girls. This population-based study found that the incidence of tics in children and young people has increased during the pandemic, with the highest increase seen in teenage girls.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2023)

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Review Clinical Neurology

The recent surge of functional movement disorders: social distress or greater awareness?

Christelle Nilles et al.

Summary: This review analyzes the factors contributing to the increase in functional movement disorders, specifically focusing on functional tic-like behaviors. Recent findings indicate a sudden rise in pandemic-related functional tic-like behaviors among young females, often triggered by videos featuring tic-like behaviors on social media. Both pandemic-related and prepandemic functional tic-like behaviors are associated with high levels of depression and anxiety. It is suggested that a combination of predisposing factors (genetic and epigenetic risk for anxiety and depression, negative past experiences) and precipitating factors (pandemic and its impact on mental health, exposure to certain social media content) contribute to the development of functional tic-like behaviors. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of psychiatric comorbidities are predictive of positive prognosis.

CURRENT OPINION IN NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Functional movement disorder and functional seizures: What have we learned from different subtypes of functional neurological disorders?

Sushma Kola et al.

Summary: The objective of this paper is to compare and contrast FMD and FS, and highlight important differences in etiology and the clinical approach towards these two entities. Patients with FMD often experience daily abnormal movements, while FS is characterized by paroxysmal events. Both patient populations share psychiatric and environmental comorbidities, but patients with FS may have increased anxiety and neuroticism and a higher percentage of childhood trauma. Functional MRI scans have demonstrated impaired executive control over motor behavior in both groups. FMD responds well to multidisciplinary rehabilitation-oriented treatment, while psychotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment for FS. For practicing clinicians, recognizing commonalities and differences in patients with FMD and FS is important to develop the most appropriate treatment plan.

EPILEPSY & BEHAVIOR REPORTS (2022)

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Article Clinical Neurology

Functional motor phenotypes: to lump or to split?

Michele Tinazzi et al.

Summary: The study compared the characteristics of patients with different FMDs phenotypes and found that while there were some differences, there was a large overlap between the phenotypes, suggesting that they may represent different expressions of the same disorder.

JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Behavioral Sciences