Are Physical Sunscreens Safe for Marine Life? A Study on a Coral-Zooxanthellae Symbiotic System

Limited toxic and ecological studies were focused on physical sunscreen that is considered to have safer performance, in which nanosize zinc oxide (nZnO) and nanosize titanium dioxide (nTiO(2)) generally are added as ultraviolet filters. Herein, the common button coral Zoanthus sp. was newly used to assess the toxic effects and underlying mechanisms of physical sunscreen. Results showed that physical sunscreen induced severe growth inhibition effects and largely compelled the symbiotic zooxanthellae, indicating that their symbiotic systems were threatened and, also, that neural and photosynthesis functions were influenced. Zn2+ toxicity and bioaccumulation were identified as the main toxic mechanisms, and nTiO(2) particles released from physical sunscreen also displayed limited bioattachment and toxicity. Oxidative stress, determined by increased reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde content, was indicated as another important toxic mechanism. Furthermore, when Zoanthus sp. was restored, the inhibited individual coral could be largely recovered after a short (3 d) exposure time; however, a longer exposure time damaged the coral irretrievably, which revealed the latent environmental risks of physical sunscreen. This study investigated the toxic effect of physical sunscreen on Zoanthus sp. in a relatively comprehensive manner, thus providing new insights into the toxic response of sunscreen on marine organisms.

Automated summary

This study comprehensively assessed the toxic effects and mechanisms of physical sunscreen on the common button coral Zoanthus sp. The results showed that physical sunscreen significantly inhibited growth and affected the symbiotic systems of the coral. Zinc ions toxicity and bioaccumulation, as well as oxidative stress, were identified as the main toxic mechanisms.