期刊
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
卷 291, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113130
关键词
Energy storage; Li -ion batteries; Reversible fuel cells; Simulation; Uncertainty analysis
This paper compares the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) for three energy storage systems (PEM Reversible Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and Lithium-Ion Batteries) in different locations in the United States. The results show that all ESSs can serve as alternatives to energy curtailment, with fuel cells being more resilient to demand uncertainty and remaining attractive. The minimum and maximum LCOS values were $0.049/kWh and $0.679/kWh respectively.
Energy storage systems (ESSs) were introduced to overcome the risks posed by energy curtailment. In this paper, we compare the Levelized cost of storage (LCOS) for PEM Reversible Fuel Cells, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and Lithium-Ion Batteries in three different locations in the United States (Tucson, Seattle, and Rochester) that are characterized by different energy consumption profiles. This research examines three commercial buildings of different sizes: small, medium, and large, with three occupancy profiles: low, medium, and high energy consumption in each of the three locations. The objective is to quantify the impact of uncertain demand and uncertain financial parameters on the LCOS. The results show that all ESSs can represent an attractive alternative to energy curtailment regardless of the building size or the occupancy profile. Further, the results show that fuel cells are a better fit for demand uncertainty as they are more resilient to changes and remain attractive despite that. The uncertainty analysis showed that the minimum LCOS was $0.049/kWh, and it was for a PEM-RFC in a small building in Tucson under high energy consumption behavior. Oppositely, the maximum LCOS was $0.679/ kWh, and that was for a large building in Seattle under high energy usage occupancy as well.
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