Optimal optical properties for smart glazed windows applied to residential buildings

The paper provides a systematic evaluation of the optimal optical characteristics of smart windows to maximize their energy efficiency benefits when deployed for residential buildings. The evaluation accounts for a wide range of design specifications and operation conditions of housing units including building orientation, window sizes, and climatic zones. Using integrated analysis aimed to minimize energy use required to heat and cool housing units, the optimal design and control settings are determined for two types of smart windows including those that can switch between only clear and dark tint states and those that can transition to multiple intermediate tint levels. The results from a series of sensitivity analyses show that the required design optical specifications for the smart windows could depend on several variables including primarily climate characteristics and window features including size, orientation, and U-value. Significant energy savings can be achieved by smart windows relative to the code-compliant static fenestration systems ranging from 21% in cold climates to 5% in warm climates. These energy savings can be achieved using stepped controls to set the tint levels of the smart windows. Additional albeit slight savings can be obtained through gradual controls for those smart glazing that have the capabilities to transition to intermediate tint levels.

Automated summary

The paper systematically evaluates the optimal optical characteristics of smart windows for residential buildings to maximize energy efficiency benefits. It considers various design specifications and operation conditions, including building orientation, window sizes, and climatic zones. Through integrated analysis, the optimal design and control settings are determined for two types of smart windows. Results show that the required design specifications for smart windows depend on climate characteristics and window features. Smart windows can achieve significant energy savings compared to static fenestration systems, ranging from 21% in cold climates to 5% in warm climates. Stepped controls can be used to set the tint levels of smart windows, while gradual controls can provide additional savings for smart glazing with intermediate tint levels.