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Future Technologies for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) from Electric Vehicles-Overview of Latest Trends and Challenges

ENERGIES (2023)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Efficient recovery of lithium as Li2CO3 and cobalt as Co3O4 from spent lithium-ion batteries after leaching with p-toluene sulfonic acid

Jiadong Liu et al.

Summary: In this study, organic p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) was used to recycle valuable Li and Co elements from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for battery raw material production. The recovery process was found to be efficient and environmentally friendly, making it of vital importance for proper treatment of spent LIBs.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2023)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Environmental life cycle assessment of recycling technologies for ternary lithium-ion batteries

Yuan Tao et al.

Summary: In order to combat climate change, the transportation sector is experiencing a major trend towards electrification. However, the increasing number of electric vehicles presents a significant challenge in managing retired power batteries. This study develops a comprehensive life cycle assessment model for ternary lithium-ion batteries, covering production, use, and recycling processes. Through a comparison of five different recycling technologies, the key steps and factors to reduce environmental impacts are identified, providing decision-making support for managing end-of-life ternary lithium-ion power batteries.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A review on design considerations in polymer and polymer composite solid-state electrolytes for solid Li batteries

Sumana Kundu et al.

Summary: This review briefly discusses the background, advances and applications of polymeric and composite solid electrolytes, with a focus on scientific challenges such as low temperature ionic conductivity and interfacial impedance. Proposed solutions and suggestions are provided.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries from Industrial Processing: Upscaled Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Recovery of High Purity Manganese by Solvent Extraction

Nathalia Vieceli et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the separation of manganese from cobalt and nickel in a leachate obtained from lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using solvent extraction with hydrochloric acid in an upscaled reactor. The results show that D2EHPA has high selectivity towards manganese, which can be effectively extracted in two stages. Other metals such as aluminum, copper, and cobalt are co-extracted but at lower concentrations than manganese. The behavior of minor impurities like zinc and magnesium is also monitored.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Proof-of-Concept study of ion-exchange method for the recycling of LiFePO4 cathode

Xiaoxiao Zhang et al.

Summary: In this study, the commercially mature ion-exchange (IX) method was explored for the first time to recover lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes. The Li-K IX reaction using oxalic acid as the feeding solution delivered a potential product of multi-elemental fertilizer. This simple and economical technology provides a practical recycling strategy for spent LFP batteries.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Comprehensive recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Fundamentals, pretreatment, and perspectives

Wenhao Yu et al.

Summary: With the increasing market share of electric vehicles, the recycling and disposal of lithium-ion batteries have become crucial. However, the efficiency and safety of pretreatment processes still need improvement in order to address the diversity and complex structures of retired batteries.

ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS (2023)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries as a sustainable solution to obtain raw materials for different applications

V. M. Leal et al.

Summary: Lithium-ion batteries are widely used due to their high energy density, capacitance, durability, and safety. However, their widespread use leads to the generation of electronic waste. Battery recycling can minimize environmental contamination and reduce production costs by recovering valuable raw materials. Various methods such as pyrometallurgical, biometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes are used for recycling. Environmentally friendly methods for battery recycling and material synthesis need to be developed.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2023)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

One-Pot, Three-Phase Recycling of Metals from Li-Ion Batteries in Rotating, Concentric-Liquid Reactors

Cristobal Quintana et al.

Summary: Rotating reactors provide a solution for efficient separation in hydrometallurgy-based recycling of spent LIBs, enabling one-pot processes with improved speed and selectivity. The extractant molecules shuttle between the feed/extractant and extractant/acceptor interfaces, leading to higher metal ion transfer. This method has important implications for system upscaling and sustainability.

ADVANCED MATERIALS (2023)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Selective recovery of lithium and ammonium from spent lithium-ion batteries using intercalation electrodes

Yunjai Jang et al.

Summary: In this study, an electrochemical system was used to selectively recover lithium and ammonium from ammonia battery leachate. The results showed good selectivity of lithium and ammonium from each electrode with relatively low energy consumption for ammonium recovery. The average recovery capacity of lithium was 1.39 mmol g(-1) with a purity of up to 96.8%, and the recovery capacity of ammonium was 1.09 mmol g(-1) with 97.8% purity from the pre-treated leachate. This electrochemical method together with ammonia leaching can be a promising method for selective resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries.

CHEMOSPHERE (2023)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

One-step nickel-cobalt alloy electrodeposition from spent lithium-ion battery via synergistic pH adjustment and Mn2+ supplementation

Guangzhen Liu et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Separation of cobalt and lithium from spent LiCoO2 batteries using zeolite NaA and the resulting ion exchange product for N2/O2 separation

Jiayi Wang et al.

Summary: A new method of separating Co2+ and Li+ from the leaching solution of spent LiCoO2 using zeolite has been proposed. NaA zeolite exhibited the highest Co2+/Li+ separation selectivity in the Co-Li (1:1) mixed solution, with > 95% Co2+ removal and all Li+ remaining in the solution. CoNaA, a product separated from the Co-Li mixed solution by NaA zeolite, showed excellent N2/O2 separation performance.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Selective recycling of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries by carbothermal reduction combined with multistage leaching

Guangwen Zhang et al.

Summary: The study proposes a method of carbothermal reduction combined with multi-stage leaching to recycle lithium from electrode materials. Results show that this method can achieve a comprehensive recovery rate of 87.15% even with a high aluminum content in the electrode materials.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Selective lithium extraction and regeneration of LiCoO2 cathode materials from the spent lithium-ion battery

Baichao Zhang et al.

Summary: Due to the growing pressure to reduce environmental pollution and ensure the sustainability of battery metals, the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become a crucial issue. In this study, a low-temperature roasting process followed by a water leaching strategy was developed to recycle and regenerate LiCoO2 cathode material from spent LiCoO2 batteries. The proposed method effectively reduces energy and chemical consumption and achieves high Li and Co recovery rates. The regenerated LiCoO2 cathode material exhibits excellent cycling stability under high voltage conditions.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2023)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Advances in bioleaching of waste lithium batteries under metal ion stress

Xu Zhang et al.

Summary: Bioleaching has great potential for the economic recovery of valuable metals from electronic wastes. Understanding the response mechanisms of acidophilic microorganisms to metal ion stress is crucial for improving bioleaching efficiency and developing new bioleaching strains.

BIORESOURCES AND BIOPROCESSING (2023)

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Review Energy & Fuels

Recovery and Recycling of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Review and Analysis

Tendai Tawonezvi et al.

Summary: The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion Batteries) is of great interest due to the increasing demand for valuable metals and materials and the environmental concerns associated with their disposal. Various studies have focused on recycling used Li-ion batteries to produce battery materials or specific chemical compounds. Physical pre-treatment is usually employed to separate waste materials before further processing. Metallurgical processes are used to extract pure metals or separate contaminants. This review provides an overview of the current state of Li-ion battery recycling, with a focus on hydrometallurgy, and comprehensively reviews electrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. It also critically analyzes the obstacles and energy-intensive nature of Li-ion battery recycling, offering recommendations for improvement and potential commercialization.

ENERGIES (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

An efficient method for separation of Ni(II) and Co(II) with novel extractant NNPA: Synthesis, characterization, extraction behaviors, crystal structures and DFT computational studies

Qiyuan Zheng et al.

Summary: With the increasing production and consumption of lithium-ion batteries, high purity Ni(II) and Co(II) products are crucial for battery cathodes. However, the clean and efficient separation of Ni(II) and Co(II) has been a bottleneck problem. This paper proposes a novel extractant (NNPA) and a breakthrough method to selectively separate Ni(II) and Co(II). Under optimized conditions, NNPA demonstrated high extraction ability and selectivity for Ni(II) at pH 0 and for Co(II) at pH 6, significantly improving efficiency and achieving cleaner production.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Upcycling spent cathode materials from Li-ion batteries to precursors: Challenges and opportunities

Vivek Verma et al.

Summary: The rapid increase in lithium-ion battery (LIBs) applications has led to a significant rise in spent LIBs. Extracting valuable metals from these spent LIB cathode materials through hydrometallurgy is a popular method, but often results in limited yield and quality of the metal salts obtained. This review aims to address the challenges in the precipitation processes and improve the quality and yield of the precursors for resynthesizing new LIB cathode materials.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2023)

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Editorial Material Chemistry, Physical

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling-Overview of Techniques and Trends

Zachary J. Baum et al.

ACS ENERGY LETTERS (2022)

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Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

Wen Xuan et al.

Summary: This paper addresses the recovery of metals from NMC111 cathodic materials through leaching followed by antisolvent precipitation, successfully achieving lithium separation and efficient recovery of other metals.

METALS (2022)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Flotation behavior of the most common electrode materials in lithium ion batteries

Luis Verdugo et al.

Summary: Lithium-ion batteries are complex devices composed of valuable and toxic materials. Recycling these batteries, especially through froth flotation technology, can recover valuable materials like graphite. Experimental results show the potential and importance of liberation for successful flotation separation.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Xiaoxue Wu et al.

Summary: The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels have led to an energy crisis and posed significant problems for society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as a crucial renewable energy storage technology, have undergone rapid development due to the growth of electric vehicles. Recycling of LIBs to extract valuable materials is vital for the development of renewable energy and to avoid excessive mining. Therefore, the promotion and application of LIBs recycling, as well as the advancement of recycling technologies with low energy consumption, low emissions, and green reagents, are necessary. This review discusses the necessity of battery recycling, summarizes and evaluates the current recycling technologies, and explores cutting-edge recycling methods. The future prospects of recycling strategies for next-generation LIBs, such as solid-state Li-metal batteries, are also examined. Overall conclusions and future perspectives for the sustainability of energy storage devices are presented.

GLOBAL CHALLENGES (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

An environmentally benign closed-loop process for the selective recovery of valuable metals from industrial end-of-life lithium-ion batteries

Shally Gupta et al.

Summary: An efficient environmentally friendly hydrometallurgical process using EDTA as the chelating agent has been developed for the recovery of valuable metals from industrial end-of-life lithium-ion batteries. The experimental results showed high metal recoveries under optimized process conditions, and a shrinking core model-based kinetic investigation revealed the rate-controlling step. A plausible mechanism and closed-loop recycling process were also elucidated. This approach provides a sustainable green alternative to acid-based leaching processes for metal extraction from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

A new route for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries towards advanced energy storage, conversion, and harvesting systems

Subramanian Natarajan et al.

Summary: This study developed a sustainable recycling technology by reusing all components of spent LIBs for energy storage, conversion, and harvesting applications. Effective recycling of graphite anode and metallic aluminium cases allowed the production of graphene sheets for high-energy density supercapacitors. The spent cathode was regenerated as a novel bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting, while the metallic current collectors and polymeric separator were reused to construct a triboelectric nanogenerator.

NANO ENERGY (2022)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Selective recovery of lithium and efficient leaching of transition metals from spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries based on a synergistic roasting process

Di Chang et al.

Summary: A novel process has been developed for the selective extraction of lithium and efficient leaching of transition metals from spent lithium batteries. The process also allows for the synergistic disposal of byproducts generated from the lithium battery industry.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

A review on recycling of lithium-ion batteries to recover critical metals

Gautam Mishra et al.

Summary: This article focuses on metal recovery from spent LIBs by utilizing various recycling routes, including conventional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy methods, as well as modern trends like pyro-hydrometallurgy and bio-metallurgy. The structured discussion highlights the extraction routes, sorting, pre-treatment, and processes employed in metal recovery. Various leaching and recovery processes are illustrated to provide a holistic idea of material recycling, with a review of published works in the past two decades on recovering metals such as lithium and cobalt from spent LIBs.

JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (2022)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Effect of Graphite on the Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Li-Ion Batteries in Baths of Hot Metal and Steel

Elsayed Mousa et al.

Summary: The recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries is crucial for sustainable production of new batteries and reducing reliance on virgin resources. This study investigates the smelting behavior of black mass (BM) from spent batteries and explores the effect of graphite on metal recovery. The results show that smelting the de-coked BM in a low-carbon steel bath is more efficient in metal recovery compared to smelting the briquette BM in a molten hot metal bath.

RECYCLING (2022)

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Article Energy & Fuels

Quantifying the state of the art of electric powertrains in battery electric vehicles: Range, efficiency, and lifetime from component to system level of the Volkswagen ID.3

Nikolaos Wassiliadis et al.

Summary: This article presents an in-depth analysis of the electric powertrain characteristics of a Volkswagen ID.3 Pro Performance, focusing on range, power, and lifetime. Valuable insights are provided through experimental tests and energy conversion efficiency evaluations, serving as a reference for academic research in automotive engineering.

ETRANSPORTATION (2022)

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Review Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

A Review on Environmental, Economic and Hydrometallurgical Processes of Recycling Spent Lithium-ion Batteries

E. Asadi Dalini et al.

Summary: As demand for lithium-ion batteries increases, the recycling and utilization of spent LIBs becomes more important, not only for recovering valuable metals, but also for complying with environmental regulations.

MINERAL PROCESSING AND EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY REVIEW (2021)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Separation of lithium and transition metals from the leachate of spent lithium-ion battery by extraction-precipitation with p-tert-butylphenoxy acetic acid

Jinqing Chen et al.

Summary: A novel extraction-precipitation process utilizing POAA for the separation of Li and transition metals has been developed, showing high efficiency and recyclability. By optimizing conditions, efficient separation of Li and transition metals was achieved in this study.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Separation of cobalt, nickel, and manganese in leach solutions of waste lithium-ion batteries using Dowex M4195 ion exchange resin

M. L. Strauss et al.

Summary: The paper introduces an efficient extraction strategy to separately recover nickel and cobalt from waste lithium-ion batteries, without the need for additional impurity removal operations. The developed process allows for high purity metal products with minimum chemical addition and pH adjustment.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Review Energy & Fuels

A review of recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials using hydrometallurgical treatments

Joey Chung-Yen Jung et al.

Summary: With the growing market share of lithium-ion batteries, recycling of spent batteries has become necessary. Various metals can be extracted from these batteries using chemical leaching. This paper provides a comprehensive review of hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion cathode materials.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE (2021)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A comprehensive review on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery recycling

Seoa Kim et al.

Summary: The rising demand for LIBs necessitates the recycling of spent LIBs through pretreatment processes to enhance recovery efficiency and reduce energy consumption. This review systematically analyzes the development and current status of pretreatment methods for spent LIBs, providing valuable insights for future research.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2021)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Process study of chloride roasting and water leaching for the extraction of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yang Jian et al.

Summary: The study introduced a chlorination roasting-water leaching process to recover Li, Ni, Co, and Mn from spent Li-ion batteries. By optimizing key parameters, it was found that over 98% of Li, Ni, and Co, and 97% of Mn can be leached out under specific conditions. This process provides an efficient way to extract valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries, offering a new recycling route for these batteries.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Lithium and cobalt recovery for lithium-ion battery recycle using an improved oxalate process with hydrogen peroxide

Ankit Verma et al.

Summary: This study developed a kinetic investigation of a closed-loop oxalate-based process for recovering and separating Li and Co, and demonstrated that the addition of hydrogen peroxide significantly reduces energy consumption and reagent costs.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Applied

A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards

Yuqing Chen et al.

Summary: Efficient and reliable energy storage systems are essential for modern society, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) being widely used but facing safety challenges. This review examines LIB safety issues, strategies for improvement, and current testing standards, providing insights into potential future developments for safer LIBs.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center

Linda Gaines et al.

Summary: The expected growth in electric vehicles will lead to an increase in end-of-life vehicle supply and lithium-ion battery recycling. The commercial recycling processes need to minimize environmental impacts while maximizing revenue and minimizing costs. The development of robust recycling technology is necessary for batteries that may not contain materials like cobalt.

RECYCLING (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries

Wojciech Mrozik et al.

Summary: The increasing demand for LIBs leads to a surge in spent batteries, requiring proper management. With no universal standards for disposal, countries use different practices, resulting in environmental impacts and threats.

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

A novel approach for the selective extraction of Li+ from the leaching solution of spent lithium-ion batteries using benzo-15-crown-5 ether as extractant

Yue Sun et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Engineering, Environmental

Regeneration and reutilization of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yanlan Zhao et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Separation of lithium, cobalt and nickel from spent lithium-ion batteries using TBP and imidazolium-based ionic liquids

Guillaume Zante et al.

JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Removal of Organics by Pyrolysis for Enhancing Liberation and Flotation Behavior of Electrode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Guangwen Zhang et al.

ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Copper extraction from the ammonia leach liquor of spent lithium ion batteries for regenerating LiNi0.5Co0.5O2 by co-precipitation

Bensheng Li et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2020)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Separation of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery leach liquors by ionic liquid extraction using Cyphos IL-101

Lei Xu et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

An integrated process for the separation and recovery of valuable metals from the spent LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials

Tianchi Liu et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recycling of mixed lithium -ion battery cathode materials with spent lead -acid battery electrolyte with the assistance of thermodynamic simulations

Shuai Gu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Applied

Experimental evaluation of thermolysis-driven gas emissions from LiPF 6-carbonate electrolyte used in lithium -ion batteries

Zhenghai Liao et al.

JOURNAL OF ENERGY CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Lithium-ion batteries - Current state of the art and anticipated developments

Michel Armand et al.

JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES (2020)

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Electrochemical Performance of Recycled Cathode Active Materials Using Froth Flotation-based Separation Process

Hosop Shin et al.

JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY (2020)

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Review Electrochemistry

Building Safe Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles: A Review

Jian Duan et al.

ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Precipitation of Cobalt Salts for Recovery in Leachates

Neila Djoudi et al.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

A more simple and efficient process for recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries with citric acid

Min Yu et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Engineering, Environmental

Pyrolysis and physical separation for the recovery of spent LiFePO4 batteries

Xuehu Zhong et al.

WASTE MANAGEMENT (2019)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

A Sustainable Process for the Recovery of Anode and Cathode Materials Derived from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Guangwen Zhang et al.

SUSTAINABILITY (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Evaluating organic acids as alternative leaching reagents for metal recovery from lithium ion batteries

Bruce Musariri et al.

MINERALS ENGINEERING (2019)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of cobalt, lithium, and manganese from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries in a bio-electro-hydrometallurgical process

Tao Huang et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2019)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of valuable metals from spent ternary Li-ion batteries: Dissolution with amidosulfonic acid and D-glucose

Yun-Yan Wang et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2019)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids

Jessica de Oliveira Demarco et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2019)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Recovery of Fe, Mn, Ni and Co in sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium ion batteries for synthesis of lithium ion-sieve and NixCoyMn1-x-y(OH)2

Jishen Li et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2019)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A circular economy insight

Mario Pagliaro et al.

HELIYON (2019)

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Proceedings Paper Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Economics and Challenges of Li-Ion Battery Recycling from End of-Life Vehicles

Darlene Steward et al.

SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING FOR GLOBAL CIRCULAR ECONOMY (2019)

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Review Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium Ion Batteries, Part I: Commercial Processes

Haruka Pinegar et al.

JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY (2019)

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Article Engineering, Chemical

Close loop separation process for the recovery of Co, Cu, Mn, Fe and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries

Deblina Dutta et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2018)

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Recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries using precipitation and electrodialysis techniques

Yunfeng Song et al.

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Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals: Ce, La, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn from the stream of used Ni-MH cells

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Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

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Hydrometallurgical separation of copper and cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using aqueous two-phase systems

Daniela da Silveira Leite et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2017)

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Solvent extraction fractionation of Li-ion battery leachate containing Li, Ni, and Co

Sami Virolainen et al.

SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Chemistry, Physical

Challenges and Recent Progress in the Development of Si Anodes for Lithium-Ion Battery

Yan Jin et al.

ADVANCED ENERGY MATERIALS (2017)

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Article Green & Sustainable Science & Technology

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Smelting Reduction Process Based on MnO-SiO2-Al2O3 Slag System

Songwen Xiao et al.

JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY (2017)

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Review Chemistry, Physical

Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain Considerations: Analysis of Potential Bottlenecks in Critical Metals

Elsa A. Olivetti et al.

JOULE (2017)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach

Zita Takacova et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2016)

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Article Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering

Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Yue Yang et al.

HYDROMETALLURGY (2016)

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Selective extraction and separation of nickel from cobalt, manganese and lithium in pre-treated leach liquors of ternary cathode material of spent lithium-ion batteries using synergism caused by Versatic 10 acid and LIX 84-I

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An innovative approach to recover the metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries

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Toxic Gas Emissions from Damaged Lithium Ion Batteries-Analysis and Safety Enhancement Solution

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Extractive separation studies of manganese from spent lithium battery leachate using mixture of PC88A and Versatic 10 acid in kerosene

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Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries

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Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries

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Review on recent progress of nanostructured anode materials for Li-ion batteries

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Recycling of spent ion-lithium batteries as cobalt hydroxide, and cobalt oxide films formed under a conductive glass substrate, and their electrochemical properties

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Selective recovery of cobalt(II) towards lithium(I) from chloride media by transport across polymer inclusion membrane with triisooctylamine

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Comparative Issues of Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

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A novel method to recycle mixed cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

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A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

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Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery

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Preparation of LiCoO2 films from spent lithium-ion batteries by a combined recycling process

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Vacuum pyrolysis and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

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Synergistic extraction and separation of valuable metals from waste cathodic material of lithium ion batteries using Cyanex272 and PC-88A

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Recovery of cobalt sulfate from spent lithium ion batteries by reductive leaching and solvent extraction with Cyanex 272

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Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant

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Electrochemical recovery of cobalt and copper from spent Li-ion batteries as multilayer deposits

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Electrodeposition of cobalt from spent Li-ion battery cathodes by the electrochemistry quartz crystal microbalance technique

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Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of cobalt from waste cathodic active material generated during manufacturing of lithium ion batteries

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Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction

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Nickel and cobalt recycling from lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical processes

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Electrolytic nickel recovery from lithium-ion batteries

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Reductive leaching of cathodic active materials from lithium ion battery wastes

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Advances in the recovering of spent lithium battery compounds

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