Are there differences in the relationship between respiratory rate and oxygen saturation between patients with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19? Insights from a cohort-based correlational study

Background: Physicians have observed patients with COVID-19 without respiratory distress despite marked hypoxaemia and extensive radiographic abnormalities, a controversial phenomenon called 'silent hypoxaemia'. We aimed to compare the relationship between RR and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) in patients with COVID-19 versus patients without COVID-19 when breathing air on admission. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicentre ED cohort correlational study.We used the Spanish Investigators on Emergency Situations TeAm network cohort of patients with COVID-19 admitted to 61 Spanish EDs between March and April 2020. The non-COVID-19 cohort included patients with lower respiratory tract bacterial infections admitted between January 2016 and April 2018.We built a multivariable linear model to investigate the independent predictive factors related to RR and a logistic multivariate regression model to analyse the presence of 'silent hypoxaemia'. Results: We included 1094 patients with COVID-19 and 477 patients without COVID-19. On admission, RR was lower (20 +/- 7 vs 24 +/- 8/min, p<0.0001), while SpO(2) higher (95 +/- 5% vs 90 +/- 7%, p<0.0001) in patients with COVID-19 versus patients without COVID-19. RR was negatively associated with SpO(2) (RR decreasing with increasing age, beta=-0.37, 95% CI (-0.43; -0.31), p<0.0001), positively associated with age (RR increasing with increasing age, beta=0.05, 95% CI (0.03; 0.07), p<0.0001) and negatively associated with COVID-19 status (RR lower in patients with COVID-19, beta=-1.90, 95% CI (-2.65; -1.15), p<0.0001). The negative RR/SpO(2) correlation differed between patients with COVID-19 aged <80 and >= 80 years old (p=0.04). Patients with COVID-19 aged >= 80 years old had lower RR than patients without COVID-19 aged >= 80 years old at SpO(2) values <95% (22 +/- 7 vs 24 +/- 8/min, p=0.004). 'Silent hypoxaemia' defined as RR <20/min with SpO(2) <95% was observed in 162 (14.8%) patients with COVID-19 and in 79 (16.6%) patients without COVID-19 (p=0.4). 'Silent hypoxaemia' was associated with age >= 80 years (OR=1.01 (1.01; 1.03), p<0.0001) but not with gender, comorbidities and COVID-19 status. Conclusion: The RR/SpO(2) relationship before oxygen administration does not differ between patients with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19, except in elderly patients.

Automated summary

This study compared the relationship between respiratory rate (RR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) in patients with COVID-19 and those without COVID-19 on admission. The study found no difference in the RR/SpO(2) relationship between COVID-19 patients and non-COVID-19 patients, except among elderly patients.