Comparative neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl opioids that are appearing on recreational drug markets worldwide

Background: The emergence of novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) is contributing to the opioid overdose crisis. While fentanyl analogs have historically dominated the NSO market, a shift towards non-fentanyl compounds is now occurring.Methods: Here, we examined the neuropharmacology of structurally distinct non-fentanyl NSOs, including U-47700, isotonitazene, brorphine, and N-desethyl isotonitazene, as compared to morphine and fentanyl. Com-pounds were tested in vitro using opioid receptor binding assays in rat brain tissue and by monitoring forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the human mu-opioid receptor (MOR). Compounds were administered subcutaneously to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and hot plate antinociception, catalepsy score, and body temperature changes were measured.Results: Receptor binding results revealed high MOR selectivity for all compounds, with MOR affinities com-parable to those of morphine and fentanyl (i.e., nM). All drugs acted as full-efficacy MOR agonists in the cyclic AMP assay, but nitazene analogs had greater functional potencies (i.e., pM) compared to the other drugs (i.e., nM). When administered to rats, all compounds induced opioid-like antinociception, catalepsy, and body tem-perature changes, but nitazenes were the most potent. Similar to fentanyl, the nitazenes had faster onset and decline of in vivo effects when compared to morphine. In vivo potencies to induce antinociception and catalepsy (i.e., ED50s) correlated with in vitro functional potencies (i.e., EC50s) but not binding affinities (i.e., Kis) at MOR.Conclusions: Collectively, our findings indicate that non-fentanyl NSOs pose grave danger to those individuals who use opioids. Continued vigilance is needed to identify and characterize synthetic opioids as they emerge in clandestine drug markets.

Automated summary

The emergence of non-fentanyl novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) is contributing to the opioid overdose crisis. Neuropharmacological examination showed that these non-fentanyl NSOs have high selectivity for the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and similar functional potencies to morphine and fentanyl. In vivo experiments in rats demonstrated that these non-fentanyl NSOs induce opioid-like effects, with nitazenes being the most potent.