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Letter
Respiratory System
F. Stieber et al.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Nuria Tormo et al.
Summary: This study compared an in-house-developed flow cytometry assay with a commercially-available cytokine release assay for detecting SARS-CoV-2-Spike (S)-reactive-IFN-gamma-producing T cells after COVID-19 vaccination. The results showed significant discordant qualitative results between the two assays, suggesting that the flow cytometry assay is more sensitive than the cytokine release assay.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Pablo Barreiro et al.
Summary: Assessing T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens is important for determining long-lasting protection against breakthrough infections or reinfections. The interferon gamma release assay, a validated method for testing cellular immunity in mycobacterial infections, has been proposed for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Paul Moss
Summary: T cell immunity plays a central role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, with early responses correlating with protection. T cell memory provides broad recognition of viral proteins, limiting the impact of viral variants and offering protection against severe disease. Current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust T cell responses, contributing to the prevention of hospitalization or death. Therefore, the importance of T cell immunity may have been underestimated.
Article
Rheumatology
Ekaterina Kurteva et al.
Summary: The COVID-19 vaccine can induce a cellular immune response, with increased levels of specific IFN gamma observed in vaccinated individuals. Virus-neutralizing antibodies titers were also found to correlate significantly with IFN gamma concentrations released by T cells.
RHEUMATOLOGY INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Corine H. GeurtsvanKessel et al.
Summary: This study demonstrates that vaccinated individuals retain T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Booster vaccinations can partially restore cross-neutralization of the Omicron variant.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Hanna Klingel et al.
Summary: This study investigates T-cell response and adverse reactions among mRNA-1273 vaccinated individuals. It finds that low levels of specific T-cells are detected after vaccination, which do not correlate with antibody response. The severity of symptoms after the first immunization and the number of symptoms after the second immunization are associated with T-cell response. Therefore, assessing T-cell response is crucial for vaccine effectiveness and protection against infection.
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL VACCINE RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Nuria Tormo et al.
Summary: In this study, we analyzed the immunological response during vaccination and found that individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 showed significant immune response after the first vaccine dose, while those who were not infected showed lower response after each dose. Older individuals who were infected responded better to the vaccine, while younger uninfected individuals had the best response. Therefore, the second vaccine dose may not be necessary for individuals with previous COVID-19 infection, and QuantiFERON (R) can be a useful method for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity.
DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Rosalia Busa et al.
Summary: This study investigated the effects of the BNT162b2 Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA-based vaccine booster dose on a cohort of 11 uninfected immunocompetent individuals, evaluating the humoral and cellular responses with a focus on memory B and T cells. The findings underscore the potential benefit of the third mRNA vaccine dose in extending the lifespan of memory B and T cells, suggesting that booster doses could enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Benjamin Bonnet et al.
Summary: Clinical trials and real-world evidence have shown that COVID-19 vaccines are effective against severe disease and death, but the durability of protection is still unknown. A study on healthcare workers who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine found that antibody levels decreased between 3 and 6 months after full vaccination, particularly in individuals over 60 years old. T-cell immune responses also declined over time, although some individuals showed an increase in T-cell response. Ongoing follow-up is needed to understand the long-term protection provided by these vaccines.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Salome Desmecht et al.
Summary: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the cellular and humoral immune response triggered by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers up to 12 months after the initial vaccination, with an additional booster dose between 6 and 12 months. The study found that experienced healthcare workers who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 had higher levels of anti-Spike antibodies and neutralization capacity compared to naive healthcare workers at all time points analyzed, except after the booster dose. Cellular immune response was also higher in experienced healthcare workers six months following vaccination. The booster dose increased both humoral and cellular immune responses, particularly in naive individuals. Age was negatively associated with the persistence of humoral response. These findings have implications for personalizing mRNA vaccination regimens and prioritizing the deployment of booster doses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Monica Martinez-Gallo et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a validated assay of T-cell responses as a complement to antibody tests for evaluating the levels of protection generated by natural infection or SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The results showed that the IGRA test detected T-cell responses in naturally exposed and vaccinated individuals, and there was a high correlation with specific antibody levels. These findings suggest that the IGRA test could be a promising tool for measuring the state of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2.
Article
Immunology
Yoshifumi Uwamino et al.
Summary: This study aimed to determine the antibody and cellular immune responses following vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the incidence of breakthrough infection. The results showed that both humoral and cellular immunity waned within 6 months after vaccination, and the incidence of asymptomatic breakthrough infection was approximately 1%.
Article
Immunology
Patricia Almendro-Vazquez et al.
Summary: This study conducted a 12-month longitudinal assessment on a cohort of 77 healthcare workers to investigate the duration of T cells, antibodies, and neutralization after 2-dose vaccination. The results showed that peak levels of immune response occurred 2 weeks after the second dose, with a decline in antibodies and a plateau in T cells thereafter. The third dose significantly increased neutralization in naive individuals. Recovered individuals maintained higher levels of immunity compared to naive individuals. Breakthrough infections only occurred in naive individuals, and higher levels of T cells and neutralizing antibodies were associated with protection against these infections.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Cristina Costa et al.
Summary: This study evaluated T-cell immunity in 419 hospital workers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine, finding that approximately 72.3% of individuals had a cellular immune response to at least one antigenic stimulus from SARS-CoV-2. Factors associated with a positive cellular response included prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, increasing age, current smoking, and shorter time interval between vaccine administration and T-cell testing.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Junko S. Takeuchi et al.
Summary: This study investigates the chronological changes in humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine. The results show that IgG antibody and T cell responses increase significantly after the first vaccination dose, with T cell responses appearing earlier than neutralizing activity. These immune responses are sustained for 6 to 10 weeks but not for 7 months or longer, indicating the need for a booster dose.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Arne Soraas et al.
Summary: This study investigated the early immune response to Omicron infection in double-vaccinated individuals. The results showed that two vaccine doses are sufficient to mount a rapid and potent immune response upon infection with the Omicron variant in healthy individuals.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cell Biology
Anthony T. Tan et al.
Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Alessandra Aiello et al.
Summary: The whole-blood platform was used to detect a SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response, with pool S and MegaPool being the most potent immunogenic stimuli. The assay showed good sensitivity and high specificity, making it a powerful diagnostic tool for clinical laboratories.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Alejandro Vallejo et al.
Summary: This study found a high proportion of uninfected healthcare workers having pre-existing IFN-gamma(+) CD8 T-cell response after stimulation with certain viral proteins, while the magnitude of the response was lower compared to convalescent healthcare workers. The concordance between IFN-gamma release and specific IFN-gamma(+) CD8/CD4 T cell responses suggests that IFN-gamma release assays can be a simple way to determine protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in a population.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Haya Altawalah
Summary: The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is the causative agent of COVID-19. The severity of the disease ranges from asymptomatic to critical, and it has been a global challenge since the first case in 2019, especially with the emergence of variants in 2021. Understanding immune response during COVID-19 and vaccination is crucial for managing the pandemic and optimizing vaccination strategies.
Article
Infectious Diseases
Soumya Jaganathan et al.
Summary: This study evaluated total antibody and T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated individuals, finding robust immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in vaccinated subjects and sustained responses in convalescent donors for up to 1 year post-infection.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND THERAPY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alba Grifoni et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Takuya Sekine et al.
Editorial Material
Immunology
Karsten Sauer et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Respiratory System
Delia Goletti et al.
EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL
(2018)
Article
Immunology
Oi-Wing Ng et al.
