S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide and its potential role in human health: a scoping review

Higher intakes of cruciferous and allium vegetables are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic-related outcomes in observational studies. Whilst acknowledging the many healthy compounds within these vegetables, animal studies indicate that some of these beneficial effects may be partially mediated by S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO), a sulfur-rich, non-protein, amino acid found almost exclusively within cruciferous and alliums. This scoping review explores evidence for SMCSO, its potential roles in human health and possible mechanistic action. After systematically searching several databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL Plus Full Text, Agricultural Science), we identified 21 original research articles meeting our inclusion criteria. These were limited primarily to animal and in vitro models, with 14/21 (67%) indicating favorable anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and antioxidant properties. Potential mechanisms included increased bile acid and sterol excretion, altered glucose- and cholesterol-related enzymes, and improved hepatic and pancreatic beta-cell function. Raising antioxidant defenses may help mitigate the oxidative damage observed in these pathologies. Anticancer and antibacterial effects were also explored, along with one steroidogenic study. SMCSO is frequently overlooked as a potential mediator to the benefits of sulfur-rich vegetables. More research into the health benefits of SMCSO, especially for cardiometabolic and inflammatory-based pathology, is warranted. Human studies are especially needed.

Automated summary

Higher intakes of cruciferous and allium vegetables are associated with a lower risk of cardiometabolic-related outcomes. This scoping review explores the potential roles of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) found in these vegetables and its mechanisms of action. Animal studies suggest that SMCSO has anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. More research, especially human studies, is needed to further understand the health benefits of SMCSO, particularly for cardiometabolic and inflammatory-based pathologies.