4.7 Review

Geopolymer composites reinforced with natural Fibers: A review of recent advances in processing and properties

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Summary: The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of hemp fiber lengths and percentages on the properties of hemp fiber-reinforced alkali-activated composite. The results show that the addition of 20mm hemp fibers significantly improves the compressive strength, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity of the composite. High-temperature alkali cooking treatments also enhance the thermal stability of hemp fiber cellulose.

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Summary: This study proposes a facile and effective method for fabricating porous geopolymers by adding NaCl as a pore forming agent. By using metakaolin and slag as raw materials, porous geopolymers with high porosity, strength, and adsorption performance can be obtained.

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Summary: This paper presents an experimental study on recycling steel slag waste as a supplementary material in metakaolin based geopolymer to create a new type of composite material. By analyzing the strength and microstructure of two different composites, it was found that the incorporation of steel slag into the geopolymer resulted in lower strength compared to the geopolymer without steel slag at early ages, but the negative effect decreased with curing age.

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Interfacial bonding properties of the eco-friendly geopolymer-wood composites: influences of embedded wood depth, wood surface roughness, and moisture conditions

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Summary: Increasing the embedded depth of wood, sanding the wood surface, and controlling moisture conditions during curing process can enhance the interfacial bonding strength of geopolymer-wood composites, with a plateau reached when the embedded depth exceeds 25 mm. Curing under wet conditions contributes to higher interfacial bonding strength, and improving wood surface roughness through sanding can create stronger mechanical interlocking at the interface to enhance bonding strength.

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Cellular ceramic foam derived from potassium-based geopolymer composite: Thermal, mechanical and structural properties

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Effects of surfactants/stabilizing agents on the microstructure and properties of porous geopolymers by direct foaming

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Experimental study on mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced and geopolymer-stabilized clay soil

Shengnian Wang et al.

Summary: Geopolymers are considered superior sustainable alkali-activated binders for soil improvement, and in this study, metakaolin-based geopolymer-stabilized clay soil with basalt fiber reinforcement showed improved compressive strength. The effectiveness of the fiber-matrix interaction in controlling the strength of FRGSCS was demonstrated, providing a parameter basis for its application and popularization.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

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Mechanical properties and reaction mechanism of one-part geopolymer mortars

Hai-Yan Zhang et al.

Summary: The study developed one-part geopolymers using solid activators and found that anhydrous sodium silicate is more effective for achieving a higher degree of geopolymerization reaction and better mechanical properties. The strength difference between one-part and two-part geopolymer mortar specimens decreases with an increase in the modulus of the activator when using a combination of solid hydrous sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as an activator.

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Research progress on recycled clay brick waste as an alternative to cement for sustainable construction materials

Ziming He et al.

Summary: Grinding brick waste into recycled brick powder (RBP) and using it instead of cement to produce sustainable construction materials is considered feasible and can improve the properties of cement-based materials. RBP is rich in SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 and has pozzolanic activity, making it a potential replacement for Portland cement.

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The Effects of Various Concentrations of NaOH on the Inter-Particle Gelation of a Fly Ash Geopolymer Aggregate

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Summary: This research focuses on the inter-particle effect on the properties of fly ash geopolymer aggregates with different molarities of sodium hydroxide. The results show that a low concentration of NaOH can result in higher impact strength but lower density in fly ash geopolymer aggregates.

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Strength Parameters of Foamed Geopolymer Reinforced with GFRP Mesh

Rafal Krzywon et al.

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Development and Characterization of Lightweight Geopolymer Composite Reinforced with Hybrid Carbon and Steel Fibers

Agnieszka Baziak et al.

Summary: This paper aims to analyze the impact of hybrid fiber reinforcement on the properties of a lightweight geopolymer composite. Steel fibers and carbon fibers were used as reinforcement materials to improve compressive and bending strength. The results demonstrate that the addition of fibers enhances the mechanical properties of the composite, with the best performance achieved through hybrid reinforcement.

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Effect of K/Al Molar Ratio on the Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Metakaolinite-Based Geopolymer Composites

Jan Kohout et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effect of K/Al ratio on the thermo-mechanical properties of geopolymer composites. The results showed that increasing K/Al ratio led to a decline in mechanical properties, except for a local maximum at a K/Al ratio equal to one. Additionally, it was found that for thermal applications above 600°C, it is better to use samples with lower K/Al ratios (0.55 or 0.70).

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Performance of geopolymer as adsorbent on desulphurization of heavy gas oil

Biswajit Saha et al.

Summary: Geopolymer, a porous aluminosilicate material similar to zeolites, was studied for its suitability in adsorptive desulphurization (ADS) using a petroleum feedstock. Surface Na and Al elements were found to interact with sulphur compounds, leading to a high sulphur adsorption capacity of 38.4 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption process is spontaneous, exothermic, and follows pseudo-first-order kinetics.

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Geopolymers Reinforced with Natural Fibers: A Comparison among Different Sources

Andrea Saccani et al.

Summary: The study evaluates the performance of different natural fibers in composites with an alkali-activated matrix and finds that modification with fibers can change the mechanical behavior of the materials, increasing toughness and flexural strength without affecting the interaction with moisture.

APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Comparative mechanical and microstructural properties of high calcium fly ash one-part geopolymers activated with Na2SiO3-anhydrous and NaAlO2

Ooi Wan-En et al.

Summary: This study investigates the effects of different solid alkali activators on one-part geopolymers, finding that the choice of activator significantly affects the properties and microstructural changes of the OPGs. Despite the differences, all the OPGs studied are suitable for building material applications.

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Effects of an Illite Clay Substitution on Geopolymer Synthesis as an Alternative to Metakaolin

D. Eliche-Quesada et al.

Summary: By utilizing calcined illite clay as a substitute for metakaolin in the synthesis of new geopolymeric materials, specimens with improved mechanical strength and thermal properties were obtained, showing potential for construction applications.

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (2021)

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Properties and reaction mechanism of phosphoric acid activated metakaolin geopolymer at varied curing temperatures

Hui Lin et al.

Summary: The reaction mechanism of phosphoric activated metakaolin was studied by controlling curing temperature and phosphoric acid concentration, resulting in silico-aluminate phosphate samples with high compressive strength. Intermediate products such as P-O-P units were observed during the reaction process, leading to the formation of Al-O-P structure in the final products.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH (2021)

Article Materials Science, Ceramics

Development of porous geopolymers foamed by aluminum and zinc powders

D. Kioupis et al.

Summary: The study found that the foaming agent content is the determining factor of geopolymer properties, while alkali concentration plays a crucial role in pore morphology and strength development. Foaming with Aluminum is more effective than Zinc powder due to the release of more gases. Additionally, the incorporation of potassium ions contributes to the development of porous structures.

CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

A combined calcination method for activating mixed shale residue and red mud for preparation of geopolymer

Shenxu Bao et al.

Summary: The compressive strength of geopolymers prepared through combined calcination was higher than that of samples prepared through separate calcination, due to more silicon and aluminum substances being dissolved and enhancing the polymerization of calcium with active silicon and aluminum. Therefore, high alkaline-containing RM can effectively boost the reactivity of SR for geopolymer preparation.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Enhanced strength and microstructure of dredged clay sediment-fly ash geopolymer by mechanochemical activation

Seyedsaeid Hosseini et al.

Summary: Mechanochemical treatment of dredged clay, fly ash, and sodium silicate for geopolymer mortar production enhances reactivity, compressive strength, and reduces matrix pore size despite increased water demand. The efficacy of the treatment largely depends on the quantity and reactivity of fly ash in the geopolymer system, with inert dredged clay serving as an effective filler agent in up to 50% replacement.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Effects of alkali-treated kenaf fiber on environmentally friendly geopolymer-kenaf composites: Black liquid as the regenerated activator of the geopolymer

Na Zhang et al.

Summary: The study successfully improved the compatibility, flexural strength, and toughness of geopolymer-fiber composites by immersing in calcium chloride solution and recycling black liquid as a regenerated activator, achieving a ductile failure mode. This could serve as a basis for the low-cost and eco-friendly preparations of GFCs.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

Article Construction & Building Technology

Use of the clayey cover of bauxite deposits of the Amazon region for geopolymer synthesis and its application in red ceramics

Igor Alexandre Rocha Barreto et al.

Summary: The study investigates the potential application of Belterra clay from the Amazon region in the synthesis of geopolymers. The experimental results demonstrate that Belterra clay shows promise for the synthesis of geopolymers with high mechanical strength and acceptable water absorption rates.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

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Influence of molarity and alkali mixture ratio on ambient temperature cured waste cement concrete based geopolymer mortar

Sourav Kumar Das et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the utilization of C&D waste (cement concrete) as geopolymer mortar to address the issue of poorly managed disposal globally. By formulating different molarities of sodium hydroxide and alkali mixture ratios and conducting tests for 90 days at controlled ambient temperature, the optimal compressive strength of 20.7 MPa was achieved. Microstructural analysis showed that factors such as molarity, dissolution of aluminosilicates, and mineral compositions play a significant role in the outcomes.

CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS (2021)

Article Crystallography

New Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers with the Addition of Different Types of Waste Stone Powder

Ivana Perna et al.

Summary: This study investigated the use of waste stone powder (WSP) in geopolymer synthesis, finding that WSP additions have a small but positive effect on the properties of geopolymers and can serve as an accelerator for geopolymer reaction solidification. It demonstrated that previously landfilled WSP can be utilized in geopolymers, contributing to environmental burden reduction.

CRYSTALS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

One-part alkali activated slag using Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 instead of NaOH as activator: more excellent compressive strength and microstructure

Shiming Zhou et al.

Summary: In this study, sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide were used as composite activators to prepare one-part alkali-activated slag, and compared with slag activated by sodium hydroxide. It was found that the one-part alkali-activated slag had higher compressive strength, potentially attributed to the lower porosity caused by the generation of calcium carbonate during hydration.

MATERIALS RESEARCH EXPRESS (2021)

Review Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

A review on natural fibers for development of eco-friendly bio-composite: characteristics, and utilizations

Azizatul Karimah et al.

Summary: Understanding the basic properties of natural fibers is crucial for determining their optimal uses, such as high-quality bio-composite raw materials. This review discusses the characteristics and potential uses of natural fibers, emphasizing their sustainability and economic values. The low density and high strength to weight ratio of natural fibers make them ideal for lightweight composites and reinforcement materials.

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Mechanical strength and microstructure of metakaolin/volcanic ash-based geopolymer composites reinforced with reactive silica from rice husk ash (RHA)

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Summary: By replacing metakaolin with different contents of volcanic ash and rice husk ash, the mechanical strength and physical properties of geopolymer composites can be improved. Optimal mechanical strength was obtained in composite samples containing 20% volcanic ash and 10% rice husk ash.

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Natural fiber reinforced inorganic foam composites from short hemp bast fibers obtained by mechanical decortation of unretted stems from the wastes of hemp cultivations

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Preparation of one-part geopolymeric precursors using vanadium tailing by thermal activation

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Effects of curing environment on strength and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash-slag binder

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Effect of Olive-Pine Bottom Ash on Properties of Geopolymers Based on Metakaolin

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Natural fiber reinforced high calcium fly ash geopolymer mortar

Ampol Wongsa et al.

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Optimization of geopolymers based on natural zeolite clinoptilolite by calcination and use of aluminate activators

Aleksandar Nikolov et al.

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