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Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Francesco Violi et al.
Summary: This article reviews the role of low-grade endotoxaemia in atherothrombosis, focusing on mechanisms such as gut dysbiosis and changes in gut permeability, as well as the relationship between low-grade endotoxaemia and cardiovascular events, and potential therapeutic tools.
NATURE REVIEWS CARDIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Fatma Saaoud et al.
Summary: This study investigated the production of TMAO by gut microbiota in nonliver tissues and its role in promoting inflammation through trained immunity. The researchers found that ER stress genes and MitoCarta genes were upregulated in CKD, TMAO upregulated genes in HAECs, and TMAO synthesis enzyme FMO3 was expressed in human and mouse aortas. TMAO transdifferentiated HAECs, phosphorylated kinases in cytosol, and integrated with PERK pathways. TMAO also induced mitoROS and upregulated TNF-alpha through metabolic reprogramming. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of TMAO in EC activation, innate immune transdifferentiation, and metabolic reprogramming, and offer potential therapeutic targets for various diseases.
Review
Immunology
Lydia Kalafati et al.
Summary: The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained, mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow (BM) progenitors and their innate immune cell progeny. Neutrophils, as the most abundant innate immune cell population, play a crucial role in trained immunity. However, trained immunity may have detrimental outcomes in chronic inflammation.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Del Barrio et al.
Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease (CLD) currently. Lifestyle change is the only available therapeutic recommendation, but adherence to this approach is often challenging. Manipulation of the microbiota and improving intestinal permeability may offer promising therapeutic strategies for NAFLD. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential method to achieve this. In this review, we summarize key aspects of FMT, discuss its current indications, and highlight recent advances in NAFLD.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Review
Urology & Nephrology
Jordi Ochando et al.
Summary: Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response characterized by long-term epigenetic reprogramming. It enhances immune responses against microbial pathogens and has implications in inflammation and transplantation.
NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Triantafyllos Chavakis et al.
Summary: This review focuses on adipose tissue myeloid cells and their role in controlling and responding to inflammation and pathology. Obesity-related metabolic organ inflammation is a contributing factor to cardiometabolic disorders. Immune responses in adipose tissue, including expansion of immune cell populations and changes in their function, are triggered by alterations in lipid fluxes and storage in obese individuals. Recent studies suggest that adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs), a type of immune cell, also play important roles in lipid homeostasis. The review discusses the complex function of ATMs in adipose tissue homeostasis and metabolic inflammation. It also proposes that trained immunity, which involves long-term functional adaptations of myeloid cells, may be responsible for chronic systemic inflammation triggered by metabolic perturbations.
Review
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Niels P. P. Riksen et al.
Summary: Trained immunity is a mechanism of chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, induced by endogenous factors and lifestyle factors, leading to metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of myeloid cells. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms of trained immunity, its activation by cardiovascular risk factors, and potential therapeutic strategies for managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
NATURE REVIEWS CARDIOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Immunology
Eric Y. Helm et al.
Summary: The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays a role in immune cell environmental sensing. It regulates the development and function of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and their adaptive T cell counterparts. Both ILCs and T cells share some core transcription factors and effector molecules, but they have both shared and distinct mechanisms of regulation by Ahr. This review highlights the latest findings on Ahr's transcriptional regulation of ILCs and T cells, focusing on the shared and distinct mechanisms.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jing Zhen et al.
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are highly prevalent worldwide, and the balance of intestinal microecology plays a crucial role in their occurrence and development. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite produced by gut microbiota from dietary choline and L-carnitine, has been found to inhibit cholesterol metabolism, induce platelet aggregation, and promote atherosclerosis. This review provides insights into the biological and chemical characteristics of TMAO, as well as its impact on various CVDs, including atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmia, and coronary artery disease. Understanding the mechanism of TMAO in promoting CVDs may contribute to the development of targeted therapies.
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Trim Lajqi et al.
Summary: For almost a century, memory functions were believed to belong to acquired immune cells. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm, revealing that innate immune cells also possess memory-like features (known as trained immunity). On the other hand, endotoxin tolerance, a state of immunosuppression in myeloid cells, reduces their inflammatory capacity. Both trained immunity and endotoxin tolerance are accompanied by epigenetic and metabolic changes in cells. Inappropriate induction of these adaptive cues can promote susceptibility to secondary infections or contribute to the progression of inflammatory disorders.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jonathan M. M. Weiss et al.
Summary: In this study, the authors demonstrate that itaconate derived from macrophages impacts hepatocyte lipid metabolism, which is involved in the crosstalk between the immune system and hepatocytes during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development. Itaconate regulates various biological processes, including fatty acid beta-oxidation and metabolic interaction between macrophages and tumors. The study shows upregulation of itaconic acid in human non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Deficiency in the gene responsible for itaconate production exacerbates lipid accumulation, glucose and insulin intolerance, and fat deposition in the liver. Treatment with a derivative of itaconate reverses dyslipidemia associated with high-fat diet feeding. Mechanistically, itaconate treatment reduces lipid accumulation and increases oxidative phosphorylation in hepatocytes through fatty acid oxidation.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chongyang Huang et al.
Summary: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have anticancer activity in colon cancer. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the major SCFAs produced from dietary fiber by gut microbiota fermentation and have beneficial effects on human health. This study systematically analyzed the effects of acetate, propionate, and butyrate on ROS levels and metabolic and transcriptomic signatures in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, showing elevated levels of ROS and regulated signatures in pathways related to ROS production.
COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Ludovico Abenavoli et al.
Summary: Metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a newly named condition that links non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with metabolic dysfunction. Its diagnosis is still debated and is generally associated with steatosis and at least one pathological condition among overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic dysregulation. The pathogenesis of MAFLD involves changes in the gut microbiota, which has also been investigated in other diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and NAFLD. However, only a few studies have specifically correlated gut dysbiosis with MAFLD.
MEDICINA-LITHUANIA
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Jannis Kountouras et al.
Summary: Helicobacter pylori infection is a global burden affecting over 50% of the world's population. It is not only associated with gastric pathologies like peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, but also implicated in the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and/or glaucoma by inducing brain cortical thinning.
MEDICINA-LITHUANIA
(2023)
Review
Nutrition & Dietetics
Liangyou Rui et al.
Summary: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), associated with obesity, ranges from benign fat accumulation to more severe nonalcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH). New research has revealed the role of genetics, epigenetics, diet, and metabolic dysfunctions in driving hepatic fat accumulation and injury. Single-cell RNA sequencing studies have provided unprecedented insights into liver cell heterogeneity, intrahepatic cross talk, and disease-related changes in the liver microenvironment. This review highlights recent advances in understanding NASH pathogenesis and potential therapeutic opportunities.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION
(2022)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Alberto Camacho-Morales
Summary: “Glucose is crucial for brain functioning and abnormal glucose metabolism in the brain is associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Defective glucose metabolism in the brain can lead to neurodegeneration, proinflammatory responses, and microglia activation. Fluctuations in brain glucose supply or metabolism during aging may affect microglial training and contribute to age-related neurodegeneration.”
PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Panagiotis Theofilis et al.
Summary: Patients with Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have increased levels of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), suggesting its important role in gut-liver interaction.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Beatriz Barranco-Fragoso et al.
Summary: This study identified increased expression of hDCs in MAFLD patients, independent of the degree of obesity. This suggests the role of adaptive changes within hDCs in perpetuating inflammatory insults in chronic liver diseases.
MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Liangliang Zhou et al.
Summary: This review discusses the role of innate immune cells and their endoplasmic reticulum stress in the occurrence of NAFLD and the progression of cirrhosis. Complex immune responses and ER stress play a critical role in triggering and amplifying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, revealing the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD/NASH.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Olufunto O. Badmus et al.
Summary: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition characterized by fat accumulation in the liver along with metabolic dysfunction, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism involves various pathways, and imbalances in these pathways can result in hepatic lipid accumulation and the progression of inflammation and fibrosis. This review explores the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of hepatic lipids and discusses emerging therapies that target these pathways as potential future treatments for MAFLD.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jannis Kountouras et al.
METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
(2022)
Review
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Aviles-Jimenez Francisco
Summary: Cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, are major causes of death worldwide. Recent studies have found a link between H. pylori infection, intestinal microbiota, and atherosclerosis. The mechanisms behind these associations are not fully understood, but they may involve chronic systemic inflammation, direct effects on endothelial cells, and alterations in lipid metabolism and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, high levels of Trimethylamine N-oxide have been linked to the induction of atherosclerosis. This review proposes that early interventions and restoration of gut microbiota could be potential ways to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis if H. pylori indeed contributes to its development.
BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Mette Yde Hochreuter et al.
Summary: This review summarizes the current knowledge on liver miRNA profiling studies in patients with different stages of NAFLD. It analyzes the mechanistic role of miRNA species such as miR-34a, miR-122, and miR-21 in NAFLD development and highlights novel NAFLD-related miRNAs. The review also discusses the role of exosomal microRNAs as intercellular or inter-organ messengers in NAFLD and explores the potential of circulating NAFLD-associated miRNAs as minimally invasive tools for diagnosis, staging, and prognosis, as well as their potential as NASH pharmacotherapeutic targets. Finally, the article discusses future research directions in the miRNA field.
MOLECULAR METABOLISM
(2022)
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Chengyuan Liang et al.
Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, which can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The pathogenesis of NASH is complex, involving multiple factors such as metabolic disorders and inflammation. Research on the succinate-GPR91 signaling pathway provides a new direction for the treatment of NASH.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kathrin Thiem et al.
Summary: Research suggests that high blood sugar levels may induce trained immunity, leading to inflammation and increasing the risk of diabetes-related complications in patients.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Siroon Bekkering et al.
Summary: Trained immunity is a newly recognized phenomenon where cells of the innate immune system exhibit memory characteristics and enhanced responses upon secondary challenge. It explains the heterologous effects of vaccines, but can also lead to maladaptive effects in chronic inflammatory conditions.
ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 39
(2021)
Review
Hematology
Robin P. Choudhury et al.
Summary: Physiological functions are intricately intertwined, with evidence from immunometabolism field showing that cells can be programmed by changes in metabolic environment through epigenetic modifications, causing persistent changes. Understanding these processes can have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes and related metabolic states.
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Chau Ha Pham et al.
Summary: Recent studies have shown that propionic acid inhibits the survival of HeLa cells through inducing autophagy, as well as triggering the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane dysfunction, and affecting the NF-κB and AKT/mTOR signaling pathways.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aleksandra Deczkowska et al.
Summary: Single-cell analyses reveal cDC1 as conserved immunological drivers of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice and humans. The study identified the significant role of cDC1 in NASH and confirmed their importance in liver pathology.
Review
Physiology
Qianrang Lu et al.
Summary: NAFLD is often accompanied by systemic metabolic disorders, but the metabolic changes in hepatocytes are also crucial, impacting disease progression with close interactions between pathways. Some metabolic pathways can be potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Immunology
Georgiana C'abau et al.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS
(2020)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Yan Liu et al.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2020)
Letter
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Jannis Kountouras et al.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2020)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Ettore Dolcetti et al.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2020)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Yahya Sohrabi et al.
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Jingjing Cong
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Mihai G. Netea et al.
NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Critical Care Medicine
Shuqi Zhao et al.
Article
Immunology
Cheng-Maw Ho et al.
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON
(2019)
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Jeanie B. Tryggestad et al.
Review
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Jingjing Cai et al.
Article
Immunology
Yahya Sohrabi et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2019)
Review
Immunology
Ezio T. Fok et al.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2019)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Siroon Bekkering et al.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Charlotte Nejad et al.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Natalia Castano-Rodriguez et al.
BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY
(2017)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Siroon Bekkering et al.
Article
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Xiangjun Li et al.
JOURNAL OF DIABETES RESEARCH
(2016)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Shih-Chin Cheng et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sadia Saeed et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Johanneke Kleinnijenhuis et al.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2012)
