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Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Astrid Eichhorn et al.
Summary: By observing the shadow images of black holes, we can investigate the effects of quantum gravity and other mechanisms on singularity resolution beyond traditional quantum gravity theories. Even the current accuracy of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is sufficient to place meaningful constraints on the scale of new physics, when combined with an independent measurement of the black hole mass for M87*. Higher accuracy from the next-generation EHT is required for other spacetimes. Additionally, we study the concept of localized emission regions inspired by hotspots in accretion flows, as well as the photon-ring structure of horizonless objects where photon rings annihilate each other in the absence of photon spheres.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Astrid Eichhorn et al.
Summary: Quantum-gravity effects can be observed in black holes if they occur at transplanckian curvature scales, contrary to expectations. Near-critical spin parameter translates Planckian quantum-gravity effects to a global change in spacetime, resulting in the dissolving of the horizon and the emergence of additional lensing features. These features, including internal photon rings and crescent-like structures, can potentially be detected and reconstructed by future next-generation telescopes like the Event Horizon Telescope.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2023)
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Pedro V. P. Cunha et al.
Summary: Ultracompact objects with light rings but without an event horizon can mimic black holes in their strong gravity phenomenology. Through numerical simulations and the introduction of a novel technique, we confirm the instability triggered by the light rings and identify two possible outcomes: migration to nonultracompact configurations or collapse to black holes.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Akhil Uniyal et al.
Summary: This paper investigates the asymptotically flat black hole solution in Einstein-nonlinear electrodynamics (NLE) fields and explores the effects of NLE parameters on the black hole deflection angle. The study employs the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for weak field limits, shadow casting using null geodesics, and thin accretion disk modeling. The research also examines various physical quantities such as energy flux, disk temperature, differential luminosity, emission profiles, and spherical accretion, and provides constraints on the NLE parameters based on observations of M87* and Sgr A* from EHT.
PHYSICS OF THE DARK UNIVERSE
(2023)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Joao Luis Rosa
Summary: In this study, we analyze the observational properties of incompressible relativistic fluid spheres surrounded by thin accretion disks, considering different combinations of star and thin-shell radii. We find that the presence of a thin-shell has a negligible effect on the observational properties of stars without a light-ring, but it strongly affects the properties when a light-ring is present, particularly the central gravitational redshift effect. Furthermore, we compare the results with the Schwarzschild spacetime and show that the most compact configurations produce observational imprints similar to black-hole solutions with subtle qualitative differences.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Adam Michael Bauer et al.
Summary: This article explores the possibility of using the measurement of the black hole shadow radius to distinguish between general relativity and other theories of gravity. By using a simplified model, the article examines the corrections to the measurement ratio caused by different gravity theories. The study shows that, in the simplified model, the uncertainty in astrophysical parameters is more significant than that in gravity theory parameters.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Cheng Liu et al.
Summary: This paper investigates the physical properties and optical appearance of a thin accretion disk around two types of black hole solutions in Einstein-/Ether theory. The effects of the mother field on the energy flux, temperature distribution, and electromagnetic spectrum of the disk are studied in detail. The results show that the mother field only has a certain effect on the central shadow area of the accretion disk.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
M. Okyay et al.
Summary: In this paper, the effects of nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) on non-rotating black holes are discussed, including various observable and physical properties. It is found that the NED black hole is always surrounded by an event horizon and any magnetic charge is permissible. The black hole gets colder with increasing charge, and the observed shadow radius is strongly affected by the magnetic charge parameter P. The introduction of charge steepens the greybody factor of the black hole.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Xiao-Xiong Zeng et al.
Summary: This article focuses on the influence of accretion around black holes on the black hole image and observation. By studying different accretion models and non-Schwarzschild black holes, it is found that noncommutative parameters have an effect on the observation appearance and spacetime geometry.
Review
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Volker Perlick et al.
Summary: This article provides a review of current research on black hole shadows, with a focus on analytical studies. It discusses the definition of the shadow, derivation of angular size, and calculation methods under various conditions. Special attention is given to non-asymptotically flat spacetimes and the influence of plasma on black hole shadows.
PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Review
Physics, Nuclear
A. Addazi et al.
Summary: The exploration of the universe has entered a new era with the multi-messenger paradigm, providing us with more information about the universe and opening up the possibility of searching for quantum gravity phenomena.
PROGRESS IN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Kazunori Akiyama et al.
Summary: This study presents new constraints on potential deviations from the Kerr metric based on observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) using the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope. The authors calibrate the relationship between the black hole shadow and the observed size of ring-like images using both Kerr and non-Kerr simulations. They conclude that the observed image size is within similar to 10% of the Kerr predictions and use these bounds to constrain alternative metrics and charges of spacetimes. The study also explores the possibility of Sgr A* being a compact object with a thermal or reflective surface and compares the results to other gravitational tests.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Kazunori Akiyama et al.
Summary: This study presents the first observations of Sagittarius A* using the Event Horizon Telescope. The data supports the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, with an image that is consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole. The results also connect dynamical measurements of stellar orbits to event-horizon-scale images.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Physics, Nuclear
Ke-Jian He et al.
Summary: This paper explores photon motion near a Bardeen black hole and studies the shadow and observed properties of the black hole surrounded by various accretion models. It finds that the position of the photon sphere and the radius of the shadow remain unchanged for different accretion backgrounds, but the observed intensity of the shadow is significantly lower in the infalling accretion model compared to the static case.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Dimitry Ayzenberg
Summary: The black hole shadow is a new method for studying black holes and understanding gravity. This paper presents one of the first studies of the black hole shadow of non-Kerr black holes when illuminated by an accretion disk. The results suggest that current and future ground-based telescopes may have difficulty placing strong constraints on departures from the Kerr spacetime, but space-based interferometers may provide comparable or better precision for testing the nature of black holes and general relativity.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Victor Afonso et al.
Summary: We propose a solution-generating method to find an infinite class of exact axisymmetric solutions in the Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity theory. This method can also be extended to other Ricci-Based Gravity theories and is independent of the symmetries of the problem. The obtained results have important implications for testing new gravitational phenomenology in the fields of gravitational waves and shadows of rotating black holes.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Prashant Kocherlakota et al.
Summary: Imaging a supermassive black hole and extracting physical information requires understanding of both gravitational and astrophysical conditions. Uncertainties in geometry and emission lead to degeneracies in interpretation. Modeling the imaging of a spherically accreting black hole, we show how degenerate regions can be constrained by combining multiple pieces of information. Degeneracies can potentially be eliminated with increased angular resolution and flux sensitivity measurements.
MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Saptaswa Ghosh et al.
Summary: This study investigates the equatorial deflection angle of light rays in KerrNewman black-bounce spacetime and derives a closed-form formula for this deflection angle in terms of elliptic integrals. The results show that the deflection angle increases with the decrease of charge and regularization parameter, while the effect of the regularization parameter on the ring size is negligible.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Misba Afrin et al.
Summary: The recent unveiling of the first image of the supermassive black hole M87* by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration provides a new window for testing theories of gravity, including violations of the no-hair theorem. By modeling Horndeski gravity black holes, researchers found that the EHT result constrains the parameter space and opens up the possibility of potential modifications to the Kerr metric.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yehui Hou et al.
Summary: In this study, we investigate the lensing effects and multi-level images of luminous sources around Kerr-Newman black holes. We derive the analytic forms of the lens equations and approximate their limiting forms near bounded photon orbits. By analyzing the key parameters, gamma, delta, and tau, we explore the primary, secondary, and higher-order images of spherical and disk-like sources. Notably, we discover that the charge of Kerr-Newman black holes significantly influences the higher-order images.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
(2022)
Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Yang Guo et al.
Summary: The photon ring, shadow, and observational appearance of emissions from a charged black-bounce are investigated. The study determines the critical impact parameters of a charged black-bounce based on geodesic analysis, finding that they are shared with the Reissner-Nordstrom black hole. By classifying light trajectories and utilizing ray tracing procedures, the observational appearance of emissions from thin disk accretion and spherically symmetric infalling accretion is investigated. The results reveal that a large charge increases observed intensity but decreases the apparent size of shadows, and the photon ring presents an intrinsic property of the spacetime geometry.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
H. Paugnat et al.
Summary: This study aims to understand how the photon rings of a Kerr black hole vary with its surrounding emission. Images of thin equatorial disks accreting onto a Kerr black hole are simulated using the ray tracing code Gyoto, and the shape of the resulting photon rings is extracted from their interferometric signatures. The analysis is repeated for hundreds of models with different emission profiles, black hole spins, and observer inclinations.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
F. H. Vincent et al.
Summary: This study aims to explore various accretion flows onto supermassive black hole M 87* by developing an analytical model and numerically integrating the radiative transfer equation in Kerr spacetime. The results show that the n = 2 photon ring at 345 GHz displays clear signatures in both the image and visibility domains, indicating promising future space-VLBI measurements.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Raul Carballo-Rubio et al.
Summary: This paper quantifies the ability of the Event Horizon Telescope and its next generation upgrade to resolve the structure of black holes. A general parametrization and image feature analysis allows for model-independent study and comparison with exotic compact objects. Constraints on the nature of the central object can be imposed with enhanced observations, particularly regarding angular resolution and image dynamic range.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Joao Luis Rosa et al.
Summary: This study focuses on obtaining shadow images of scalar boson and Proca stars illuminated by a thin accretion disk, showing that the appearance of these stars is dominated by a luminous ring enclosing a central brightness depression. The size of the shadow, as well as the luminosity and depth of the bright region, are heavily influenced by the emission profile, while the choice of bosonic star types and parameters has a lesser impact. When the accretion disk extends close to the star's center, these differences are significantly magnified.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Oleg Yu. Tsupko
Summary: This paper derives an analytical expression for the shape of higher-order photon rings, which can be expected to be detected in future observations. The formula describes the apparent shape of photon rings around a black hole and is particularly useful for studying n=2 and n=3 photon rings.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Joao Luis Rosa et al.
Summary: With the advancement of electromagnetic observatories, the horizon scale of supermassive black holes can now be explored, shedding light on some important fundamental questions in our universe. In this study, the ability to differentiate between black holes and horizonless compact objects is investigated through the lensing effect of hot spots around them. A characteristic feature - the passage of photons through the central object, producing an extra image - is found to be universal for central objects made of matter weakly coupled to the standard model.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Merce Guerrero et al.
Summary: This study discusses the importance of multiring images in the optical appearance of a horizonless spherically symmetric compact object, and suggests that these multiring images could be detectable within future projects on very long baseline interferometry.
Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Xiao-Xiong Zeng et al.
Summary: This study investigates the geometrical-optics appearance of the Euler-Heisenberg black hole under different accretion flows, taking into account the quantum electrodynamics effect. The results show that the magnetic charge affects the shadow radius of the black hole, while the EH parameter does not. Different optically thin accretion flow models yield distinct two-dimensional shadow images. The optical appearance of the black hole depends on the accretion flow morphology.
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Guangzhou Guo et al.
Summary: This study focuses on gravitational lensing of light by hairy black holes, specifically the higher-order images produced near photon spheres. It is found that two photon spheres can triple the number of high-order images of a pointlike light source, with two critical curves appearing in the black hole image. Additionally, multiple sets of higher-order images are observed inside and outside the larger critical curve.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Naoki Tsukamoto
Summary: This paper investigates retrolensing by two photon spheres in a novel black-bounce spacetime proposed by Lobo et al., which can correspond to different types of black holes and wormholes. In the case of a wormhole, there are two photon spheres inside and outside the wormhole, and the light rays reflected by these photon spheres can have an impact on the retrolensing light curves.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Merce Guerrero et al.
Summary: When an optically thin accretion disk illuminates the silhouette of a black hole, a distinctive central brightness depression (shadow) is formed, consisting of a series of lensed rings and the direct emission of the disk. The pattern of bright and dark regions in the image is strongly influenced by the physics of the accretion disk, making it challenging to distinguish between different compact objects. However, the presence of a second critical curve reveals observable differences, which could provide compelling evidence for the existence of black hole mimickers with multiple critical curves.
Article
Physics, Particles & Fields
Jitendra Kumar et al.
Summary: This study investigates the gravitational lensing effects of a static spherically symmetric black hole in quartic scalar field Horndeski gravity, finding that the deflection angle, photon sphere radius, and angular position increase with an additional hair parameter q. The ratio of the flux of the first image to all other images decreases rapidly as q increases. The study also compares the observable signatures of Horndeski black holes with other types of black holes, concluding that although some effects can be detected, discerning deviations is challenging. The shadow size is consistent with EHT observation if q is an element of (-0.281979, 0).
EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL C
(2022)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Gennady S. Bisnovatyi-Kogan et al.
Summary: This article investigates higher-order ring images of the luminous accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole using the strong deflection limit technique. The size of the rings is mainly determined by the position of the inner boundary of the accretion disk. The findings can be used to distinguish between different accretion models and estimate black hole angular momentum.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sen Guo et al.
Summary: The observed shadows and rings of an astrophysical black hole may be influenced by its accretion flows and magnetic charge. This study shows that the shadow radii and critical impact parameters of the Hayward black hole decrease as the magnetic charge increases. Comparing the Schwarzschild black hole with the Hayward black hole, it is found that the density and deflection of lights increase with the magnetic charge, and the singularity of the black hole does not affect the generation of the shadow. Based on three different accretion flow models, the two-dimensional shadows in celestial coordinates are derived. It is discovered that the shadow and photon ring luminosities of a Hayward black hole surrounded by infalling spherical accretion flow are dimmer than that of a static spherical accretion flow. The observed luminosity of a Hayward black hole surrounded by a thin disk accretion flow is mainly dominated by the direct emission, with weak influence from the photon ring emission.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
F. H. Vincent et al.
Summary: Researchers aim to develop a simple analytic disk model for the accretion flow of M87* to predict its image, assuming it is a Kerr black hole or an alternative compact object. They computed synchrotron emission from the disk model and carried out numerical fits to the EHT data, showing that alternatives to the Kerr spacetime may provide similar results and further observations are needed to test the Kerr paradigm conclusively.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Thomas Berry et al.
Summary: Researchers have proposed modified spacetimes to mimic the characteristics of black holes without singularities. Recent advances in near-horizon astronomy allow for observational distinctions between black holes and potential mimickers. Physically observable quantities for a recently proposed regular black hole show complex relationships between horizons, photon spheres, and stable orbits, providing rich astrophysical phenomenology.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Carlos A. R. Herdeiro et al.
Summary: The study finds that dynamically robust spherical Proca stars can successfully mimic the shadow of a (near-)equilibrium Schwarzschild BH in an astrophysical environment, despite the absence of light rings, under certain observation conditions. Different types of bosonic stars exhibit different behaviors in terms of stability and the ability to imitate black hole characteristics, with some solutions showing potential to reproduce the ISCO of a Schwarzschild BH.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Andrew Chael et al.
Summary: Simulated images of a black hole show a central brightness depression and a photon ring, with the size and shape of the photon ring determined by Kerr geometry and the depth of the observed brightness depression depending on the emission region details. The features of black hole shadow and inner shadow vary in different models.
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Sebastian H. Volkel et al.
Summary: The shadow size measurement can be used to determine the black hole geometry, while constraints of post-Newtonian require careful interpretation in conjunction with theoretical priors. There are similarities and complementarity between EHT shadow measurements and black hole gravitational quasi-normal modes.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Merce Guerrero et al.
Summary: By studying light rings and shadows, we found differences between black bounces and the Schwarzschild solution, as well as the optical appearance under three optical models.
JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
(2021)
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jose Beltran Jimenez et al.
Summary: By establishing a correspondence between general relativity and metric-affine theories, stringent constraints are set on the free parameter of Born-Infeld gravity and its compatibility with matter within an effective field theory framework is discussed.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Maciek Wielgus
Summary: Under general assumptions on the accretion flow geometry, images of a black hole illuminated by electromagnetic radiation display a sequence of photon rings that can be compared with the properties of the underlying spacetime, providing a less model-dependent way to probe the spacetime metric and test general relativity and the Kerr hypothesis.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Naoki Tsukamoto
Summary: In the strong deflection limit, gravitational lensing by a photon sphere in a Reissner-Nordstrom naked singularity spacetime can result in an infinite number of images with significantly different brightness levels around the photon sphere. By studying the analytic expressions of the deflection angles, it is possible to distinguish between a black hole spacetime and a naked singularity spacetime.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Guillermo Lara et al.
Summary: The study presents a formalism based on principal component analysis that enables the reconstruction of black hole metrics in the presence of high uncertainties and the removal of foreground interference, offering potential for separating signal and foreground in next generation EHT-like experiments.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Jun Peng et al.
Summary: The study presents a distinct shadow mechanism from the asymmetric thin-shell wormhole and investigates the appearance of an accretion disk around it. The analysis reveals additional photon rings and a potential lensing band between highly demagnified photon rings, providing an observational signature to distinguish asymmetric thin-shell wormholes from black holes.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Kostas Glampedakis et al.
Summary: The unprecedented image of the M87* supermassive black hole has sparked controversy over its usefulness as a test of the general relativistic Kerr metric. The paper argues that our ability to probe gravity with a black hole shadow is only partially impaired by the matter degrees of freedom and the number of non-Kerr parameters used in the model. Existing limits from gravitational wave observations imply that supermassive systems like the M87* black hole would suffer a suppression of all non-GR deviation parameters in their metric.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Rajes Ghosh et al.
Summary: The theorem presents a new understanding of light rings in stationary spacetimes with ergoregions. It proves that any stationary, axisymmetric, and asymptotically flat spacetime in 1 + 3 dimensions with an ergoregion must have at least one light ring outside the ergoregion. The possible extension of the proof for asymptotically de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spherically symmetric black holes is also addressed.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Qingyu Gan et al.
Summary: Recent studies have shown that under certain conditions, the photon ring surrounding a hairy black hole can be remarkably wide and make a notable contribution to the observed image, forming a bright annulus structure.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Qingyu Gan et al.
Summary: This paper investigates null geodesics of a class of charged, spherical and asymptotically flat hairy black holes in an Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory with a nonminimal coupling. It is shown that there are two unstable circular orbits for a photon in a certain parameter regime, corresponding to two unstable photon spheres of different sizes outside the event horizon. The optical appearance of photon spheres is illustrated by considering a simple spherical model of optically thin accretion on the hairy black hole.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Yehui Hou et al.
Summary: This study revisits the shadows of rotating braneworld black holes in the Randall-Sundrum type II model, identifying a critical angle theta(c) that determines whether the shadow curve is open or closed. Unlike previous research, both the metric in the near region of the black hole and the linearized metric in the far region are considered in this study.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Shahar Hadar et al.
Summary: This paper proposes a novel observable, the two-point correlation function of intensity fluctuations on the photon ring, which exhibits a universal, self-similar structure. The peaks in this function encode statistical properties of fluctuations in the source, while the locations and heights of the peaks are determined purely by the black hole parameters. This method could potentially provide estimates of black hole mass and spin and could be achieved through interferometric imaging with improvements to the Event Horizon Telescope.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Francisco S. N. Lobo et al.
Summary: This article introduces novel black-bounce spacetimes, analyzing their regularity, energy conditions, and causal structure, and presents several new geometries and theorems.
Article
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Samuel E. Gralla
Summary: Theoretical predictions for observing accreting supermassive black holes at current observation frequencies are sensitive to untested assumptions about accretion flow and emission physics. It is difficult to distinguish a violation of general relativity from scenarios where gastrophysical assumptions do not hold. Tests of general relativity may become possible with longer interferometric baselines.
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