Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases: Knowns and Unknowns

Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) have been used for decades in preclinical and clinical studies to treat various neurological diseases. However, there is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of BMMNCs in the treatment of neurological diseases. In addition, prerequisite factors for the efficacy of BMMNC administration, such as the optimal route, dose, and number of administrations, remain unclear. In this review, we discuss known and unknown aspects of BMMNCs, including the cell harvesting, administration route and dose; mechanisms of action; and their applications in neurological diseases, including stroke, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy. Furthermore, recommendations on indications for BMMNC administration and the advantages and limitations of BMMNC applications for neurological diseases are discussed.

Automated summary

Bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) have been extensively used in the treatment of neurological diseases, but the underlying mechanisms and optimal administration factors are still unclear. This review provides an overview of BMMNCs, including cell harvesting, administration factors, mechanisms of action, and applications in various neurological diseases. Additionally, it discusses the indications, advantages, and limitations of BMMNC therapy for neurological diseases.