4.7 Review

The gut microbes in inflammatory bowel disease: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy

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Review Pathology

Vitamin D and Microbiome Molecular Interaction in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathogenesis

Ioanna Aggeletopoulou et al.

Summary: Studies show that there are characteristic microbial patterns in various systemic autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin D deficiency, which predisposes to autoimmune diseases and IBD, can lead to changes in the gut microbiome and disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity. This review explores the role of the gut microbiome in IBD and discusses how vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-associated signaling pathways contribute to the development and progression of IBD by affecting gut barrier function, microbial community, and immune system function. Understanding the cellular functions of vitamin D-VDR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells may lead to the development of new treatment strategies for IBD in the future.

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Review Microbiology

Bile acids and the gut microbiota: metabolic interactions and impacts on disease

Stephanie L. Collins et al.

Summary: This Review discusses host-microbiota interactions and their impact on bile acid metabolism and composition. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in bile acid metabolism, with diverse biological roles for bile acids being discovered. External factors such as antibiotics and diet also influence bile acid composition. Understanding the impact of bile acid signaling networks in different organs is increasingly important for the development of targeted therapeutics.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Immunomodulatory Properties of Vitamin D in the Intestinal and Respiratory Systems

Fatheia N. N. Hamza et al.

Summary: Vitamin D plays a crucial role in modulating the innate immune response by interacting with its intracellular receptor, VDR. It contributes to the regulation of intestinal and respiratory microbiota and the modulation of components of the innate immune system. Vitamin D/VDR signaling mounts an antimicrobial response through the transduction of microbial signals and the production of antimicrobial peptides. Vitamin D supplementation may have potentially beneficial effects on diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

NUTRIENTS (2023)

Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Functional analysis of metalloenzymes from human gut microbiota and their role in ulcerative colitis

Pratik Balwant Shinde et al.

Summary: Metalloenzymes produced by gut microbiota play a vital role in maintaining gastrointestinal tract homeostasis and various physiological processes. Analysis of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics data from the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multiomics Database revealed significant differences in bacterial taxonomy and altered gene expression of ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated enzymes. Docking and simulation studies suggested changes in catalytic efficiency and ligand interacting residues of screened UC-associated enzymes. The beta-diversity analysis of microbes containing metalloenzymes highlights the importance of specific genes or enzymes in understanding the diversity between UC and healthy individuals. The study indicates the potential role of metalloenzymes and specific UC-associated enzymes in the severity of UC.

JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2023)

Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: Safe options for next-generation therapeutics

Manoj Kumar Yadav et al.

Summary: Probiotics are an economical and safe alternative for treating chronic diseases and improving human health. They modulate the host immunity and protect against infectious and non-infectious diseases. Additionally, prebiotics and non-digestible food substances promote the growth of probiotics and human health through modulation of gut microbiota and immune system.

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Methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease: A primer for gastroenterologists

Turki AlAmeel et al.

Summary: Methotrexate is an important drug for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and has potential as an alternative to other medications due to its lower risk profile. It can be used alone or in combination with other drugs to maintain efficacy and prevent immunogenicity.

SAUDI JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2022)

Review Immunology

The Emerging Role of Bile Acids in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

John P. Thomas et al.

Summary: This review examines the interaction between bile acid metabolites and intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), highlighting their role in regulation of the inflammatory milieu through pathways such as autophagy, apoptosis, and the inflammasome pathway. The study also discusses the potential of novel experimental and bioinformatics approaches to further advance our understanding of the role of bile acids in IBD and inform therapeutic strategies.

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Fecal microbiota and bile acids in IBD patients undergoing screening for colorectal cancer

Aonghus Lavelle et al.

Summary: This study investigated the association between gut microbiota, bile acids, and colorectal cancer in IBD patients. The results found that specific bacterial taxa were associated with cancer, while bile acids were not. Additionally, clustering analysis identified microbiota clusters associated with clinical features.

GUT MICROBES (2022)

Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Emerging Nanotechnologies and Microbiome Engineering for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Omar A. Abed et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation that affects almost 7 million people worldwide. Current treatments are effective in managing symptoms, but fail to target the root cause. Self-assembled nanoparticles have shown great potential as drug delivery systems for treating IBD by surviving harsh gastric conditions and reaching inflamed areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These nanoparticles can localize drugs to the affected regions, reduce off-target toxicities, and restore symbiotic microbes while reducing harmful ones. However, challenges such as scale-up synthesis, potential side effects, and financial obstacles in clinical trials need to be addressed. Research on nanoparticles is crucial for the development of more effective therapeutics for IBD.

MOLECULAR PHARMACEUTICS (2022)

Review Medicine, General & Internal

Hot topics on fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Xiaochen Zhang et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the intestinal mucosa with a complex etiology. The altered gut microbiota in IBD patients is associated with dysbiosis, leading to disease. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown promising efficacy and safety in the treatment of IBD, but further optimization is needed for its implementation.

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2022)

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Stimulation of the intestinal microbiota with prebiotics enhances hepatic levels of dietary polyphenolic compounds, lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in healthy rats

Bartosz Fotschki et al.

Summary: This study investigated the effects of stimulating the intestinal microbiota with fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and a polyphenol preparation (PP) on liver function in healthy rats. The results showed that the combination of FOSs and PP increased the levels of polyphenolic metabolites in the liver, improved lipid metabolism and antioxidative status, and elevated total antioxidant status and activity of superoxide dismutase in the blood.

FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL (2022)

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Safety and Efficacy of an AIEC-targeted Bacteriophage Cocktail in a Mice Colitis Model

Marie Titecat et al.

Summary: Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, and bacteriophage therapy targeting AIEC has been proposed. The study shows that the EcoActive phage cocktail has an efficacy of over 95% against AIEC strains in vitro and no deleterious impact on commensal microbiota. In a mouse model, daily administration of the EcoActive cocktail for 15 days protected mice from inflammation symptoms and manifestations. These results support the use of AIEC-targeted phage therapy as a safe and effective treatment for reducing AIEC levels in the gut of IBD patients.

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Expression Analysis and the Roles of the Sec1 Gene in Regulating the Composition of Mouse Gut Microbiota

Zhanshi Ren et al.

Summary: This study reveals that the Sec1 gene is expressed at different stages during mouse development and that Sec1 knockout mice exhibit significant weight gain, abdominal fat accumulation, and changes in gut microbial composition.
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Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases

Han Shuwen et al.

Summary: This review presents the interactions between phages and bacteria in the human intestinal tract, as well as their roles in disease pathogenesis and treatment.

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The gut mycobiome in health, disease, and clinical applications in association with the gut bacterial microbiome assembly

Fen Zhang et al.

Summary: The gut mycobiome is a crucial component of the gut microbiome that regulates host homeostasis, physiological processes, and the assembly of the gut bacterial microbiome. Understanding its composition and functional diversity is important for studying health and diseases, as well as developing microbiome-based therapies.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Marked gut microbiota dysbiosis and increased imidazole propionate are associated with a NASH Gottingen Minipig model

Ditte Olsen Lutzhoft et al.

Summary: This study investigates the impact of a choline-deficient amino acid defined high fat diet (CDAHFD) on gut microbiota and selected pathways related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development in a male Gottingen Minipig model. The results suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis and elevated levels of the metabolite imidazole propionate may be relevant factors in the development of NASH. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of considering the gut microbiota and its products when developing animal models for NASH.

BMC MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Post-operative prevention and monitoring of Crohn's disease recurrence

Kate E. Lee et al.

Summary: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Although surgery can cure ulcerative colitis, it is rarely curative for Crohn's disease. Research has identified risk factors for post-operative Crohn's disease recurrence, allowing for patient risk stratification and preventive treatment.

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Gut-organ axis: a microbial outreach and networking

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Summary: Human gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic population crucial for health and survival, with a bidirectional relationship with associated diseases and other vital organs.

LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Understanding connections and roles of gut microbiome in cardiovascular diseases

Ethendhar Rajendiran et al.

Summary: The gut microbiome, composed of trillions of residing bacteria, plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological and metabolic health of the host, and has been associated with diseases like cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that altered gut environment and microbiome-derived metabolites are linked to CVD events. By manipulating the gut microbiome through dietary intervention, novel therapy targets, dietary recommendations, and preventive measures can be identified to reduce CVD risk in humans.

CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Inflammatory bowel disease: tri-directional relationship between microbiota, immune system and intestinal epithelium

Shruti Ahlawat et al.

Summary: The human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host health, with alterations in composition leading to the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Modulating gut microbiota composition and utilizing advanced treatment methods are key approaches for managing gut disorders in the future.

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Yersinia enterocolitica and Lactobacillus fermentum induces differential cellular and behavioral responses during diclofenac biotransformation in rat gut

Shruti Ahlawat et al.

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TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Roles of Gut Bacteriophages in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Lingling Qv et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammatory disorder, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as its main forms. The pathogenesis of IBD is believed to be influenced by genetic predisposition, host immune response, and environmental factors such as the intestinal microbiome, with a recent focus on the role of gut bacteria over enteroviruses. Of the enteroviruses, bacteriophages (phages) are the most abundant, having the potential to regulate the bacterial population and influence the host immune response in IBD.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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The Interplay between Immune System and Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Review

Laila Aldars-Garcia et al.

Summary: The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in human health, contributing to the development of the immune system, digestion, metabolism, and barrier against pathogens. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by an exaggerated immune reaction against intestinal microbiota, with changes in abundance of specific microorganisms associated with the disease.

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Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD

Adrian Martyniak et al.

Summary: The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases necessitates new methods of therapy, with the gut microbiome being studied extensively as a key factor. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be modified by diet and probiotics, and enhanced by the use of paraprobiotics and postbiotics. This study summarizes recent works on various microbiome-altering methods in IBD.

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Fengqian Chen et al.

Summary: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are highly debilitating due to the imbalance of inflammatory mediators within the inflamed bowel. Conventional drugs for IBD treatment suffer from bioavailability issues and systemic side effects, while nanoparticle (NP)-derived therapy has shown improvements in therapeutic efficacy and targeting specificity. Recent studies have highlighted the fast-growing field of nanomedicines tailored to the pathophysiology of bowel diseases, offering potential for prolonged circulation period and reduced side effects through improved drug encapsulation and targeted delivery.

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Total glucosides of Paeony restores intestinal barrier function through inhibiting Lyn/Snail signaling pathway in colitis mice

Xin-Yue Cao et al.

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Intestinal Inflammation and Altered Gut Microbiota Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Render Mice Susceptible to Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection

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Role of Quality of Life as Endpoint for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

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