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Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
FuYao Sun et al.
Summary: Scientists have developed a biomimetic strategy to enhance the fracture toughness of soft self-healing polyurea by introducing core-shell structured liquid metal micro-droplets. The resulting material exhibits superior crack resistance and fracture toughness, surpassing that of aluminum and zinc alloys. It also demonstrates fast self-healing ability and high dielectric constants, making it suitable for the fabrication of sensitive and self-healing strain sensors.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jiayu Lyu et al.
Summary: In this study, aramid nanofiber (ANF)-reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) organohydrogels containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/H2O mixed solvents are fabricated with outstanding freeze-resistance. The organohydrogels exhibit high tensile strength, toughness, and ultrahigh ionic conductivity, making them suitable for applications in strain sensors and solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) for flexible and wearable electronics.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Guolin Yun et al.
Summary: Reported the development of an electro-mechano responsive Field's metal hybrid elastomer with variable conductivity and stiffness, which can be applied in soft robotics and electronic devices. This material demonstrates significant improvements in performance compared to existing approaches and has potential applications in resilient robotic systems, intelligent instruments, and flexible electronics.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zhen Jiang et al.
Summary: A twisted and coiled liquid crystalline glycerol-organogel (TCLCG) is designed and synthesized, which exhibits excellent actuation performance including low Young's modulus (133 kPa), large actuation strain (66%), fast actuation rate (275% s(-1)), high power density (438 kW m(-3)), and significant work capacity (105 kJ m(-3)). Mobile soft robots with extraordinary maneuverability in unstructured environments are successfully demonstrated using TCLCG.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tao Zhou et al.
Summary: Researchers have developed a bi-continuous conducting polymer hydrogel with high electrical conductivity, stretchability, and toughness for 3D printing soft bioelectronic devices. This hydrogel shows promise for long-term in vivo electrophysiological monitoring and stimulation due to its unique combination of electrical conductivity and tissue-like mechanical properties. The hydrogel achieves high electrical conductivity, stretchability, and fracture toughness in physiological environments, making it suitable for advanced fabrication methods such as 3D printing. The researchers also demonstrate the use of this hydrogel for 3D printing monolithic all-hydrogel bioelectronic interfaces for long-term electrophysiological recording and stimulation in rat models.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Hongda Lu et al.
Summary: Stretchable conductive composites (SCCs) are widely used in stretchable electronic devices as interconnects and sensors due to their tunable electromechanical properties and high stretchability. This work presents an automatic SCC production platform (ASPP) that can produce SCCs with high consistency in properties. The versatility of ASPP is demonstrated by fabricating SCCs with different fillers and structures. The fabricated SCCs are utilized in various intelligent tactile sensing and heating platforms. The ASPP shows great potential in fabricating SCCs for soft robotics and wearable devices.
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Huimin He et al.
Summary: Researchers have developed a method for fabricating electroconductive hydrogels with high conductivity and mechanical strength. By incorporating aramid nanofibers into conducting polymers, they were able to achieve high electronic conductivity and structural robustness without sacrificing porosity or water content. These hydrogels show promise for applications in implantable bioelectronics, tissue engineering platforms, and other emerging technologies.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Kun Chen et al.
Summary: In this study, a bionic e-skin with unique durability for human-machine interaction was developed using a physical cross-linking salting-freezing-thawing method. The e-skin showed tunable mechanical properties and high tensile strength even after multiple recoveries. It exhibited transparency, super toughness, antibacterial properties, UV protection, high electrical conductivity, and recyclability, making it suitable for various applications such as physiological monitoring, underwater activities, and information encryption.
NANO-MICRO LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Xiaoting Xue et al.
Summary: Liquid metal elastomer is a soft material with useful electrical, dielectric, and thermal properties. By adding elastic particles and adjusting the ratios, the issues of particle settling and creating conductive paths are addressed. This material has potential applications in wearable electronics.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yongyi Zhao et al.
Summary: Self-healing hydrogels have the potential to recover from physical damage caused by extreme strain, pressure, or tearing. However, their low electrical conductivity limits their application in stretchable and mechanically robust circuits. In this study, we developed an organogel composite with high electrical conductivity, low stiffness, and high stretchability by embedding silver microflakes and gallium-based liquid metal microdroplets in a poly(vinyl alcohol)-sodium borate matrix. The composite also exhibited spontaneous mechanical and electrical self-healing. Furthermore, we addressed the rapid drying issue of hydrogel materials by using an organic solvent, which maintained the properties of the composite for over 24 hours in an ambient environment. We demonstrated the potential applications of the self-healing organogel composite in soft robotics, soft circuits, and reconfigurable bioelectrodes.
NATURE ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Ming Wang et al.
Summary: A composite hydrogel with soft conductive properties and surface wrinkles is prepared by integrating liquid metal and MXene nanomaterials with sulfonated bacterial nanocellulose and acrylic acid. The hydrogel exhibits good interfacial adhesion, super elasticity, and self-healing capability, showing potential applications in various fields.
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
(2023)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Tianxue Zhu et al.
Summary: This review explores the recent advances in multifunctional conductive hydrogels for electronic devices, including their different components and functionalities. The applications of hydrogels in flexible devices are illustrated, and the current challenges and future development prospects are discussed.
CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jing Wang et al.
Summary: This study reports highly conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels without any conductive filler, which exhibit about 8 times higher conductivity than polymeric hydrogels without conductive filler in literature. These hydrogels not only show enhanced thermoelectric output power and electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, but also have stretchable, self-healing, and shape/size-tunable properties, which are desirable for hydrogel bioelectronics and wearable organic devices.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Gang Li et al.
Summary: Conducting polymer hydrogels have great potential in soft bioelectronics due to their tissue-like mechanical properties and electrical interaction with tissues. However, balancing electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability is challenging. This study addresses the issue by concentrating a poorly crosslinked precursor hydrogel with a high content ratio of the conducting polymer, resulting in a densified double-network hydrogel with high electrical conductivity and large fracture strain. The hydrogel also exhibits high biocompatibility, tissue-like softness, low swelling ratio, and desired electrochemical properties for bioelectronics. Surface grafting is used to form an adhesive layer on the conducting hydrogel, enabling robust bonding on tissues. The proposed hydrogel is applied for physiological signal recording and electrical stimulation with an in vivo rat model, showing high quality and reliability. This method provides an ideal strategy for rapid and reliable tissue-device integration with high-quality electrical communications.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Meng Su et al.
Summary: Smart materials can sense and respond to environmental conditions, and patterning is key to achieving arrays of functional devices. Significant progress in printing methods has opened up new possibilities for manufacturing various intelligent devices. However, challenges and drawbacks still need to be overcome to achieve controllable modulation between smart materials and device performance.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jinfeng Yuan et al.
Summary: Printable and stretchable conductive elastomers have promising applications, but suffer from signal distortion during monitoring dynamic strains. Researchers proposed an Ag-Ecoflex-PDMS elastomer with better dynamic performances. A deep-learning-based dynamic calibration method corrects the sensing signals and eliminates hysteresis error. The elastomer exhibits high electrical conductivities and can be used as both stretchable sensors and stretchable conductors. Demonstrations show superior accuracy and robustness in monitoring human dynamic activities and human-machine collaboration.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Yunfei Yang et al.
Summary: With the rapid development of the electronic industry and wireless communication technology, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become increasingly serious, posing a significant threat to the normal operation of electronic equipment and human health. In response, the development of high-performance EMI shielding materials has become urgent. Hydrogel-based materials offer a novel option for EMI shields, providing good mechanical flexibility, fatigue durability, and stretchability for a wide range of applications, particularly in EMI shielding and flexible functional devices. This paper reviews the current progress of hydrogel-based EMI shields and includes novel studies on pore structure design that could advance the development of these materials. Promising development directions for hydrogel-based EMI shields are suggested as an outlook, aiming to provide a reference for designing hydrogels with excellent EMI shielding performance and multifunctionalities.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Mengmeng Sun et al.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lei Liu et al.
Summary: The concept of dynamic hydrogen-bonded nanoconfinement is proposed for the first time, leading to the successful design of highly stretchable and supratough biocompatible PVA. This work opens up new opportunities for creating mechanically robust, healable, and biocompatible polymeric materials.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Mutian Hua et al.
Summary: A strategy combining freeze-casting and salting-out treatments produces poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with a multi-length-scale hierarchical architecture, including micrometre-scale honeycomb-like pore walls and interconnected nanofibril meshes. These hydrogels have properties that compare favorably to other tough hydrogels and even natural tendons.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yunsik Ohm et al.
Summary: The silver-hydrogel composite exhibits a high electrical conductivity of over 350 S cm(-1) and a low Young's modulus of less than 10 kPa. It demonstrates soft compliance and deformability, making it suitable for various applications such as stingray-inspired swimmers and neuromuscular electrical stimulation electrodes.
NATURE ELECTRONICS
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Yong Xu et al.
Summary: The authors propose a strategy of convergent synthesis to create biomimetic electroconductive liquid metal hydrogels. These hydrogels have self-healing and shear-thinning properties, allowing for 3D printing and minimally invasive injection for in vivo experiments. This approach combines materials of different natures to generate matrices with high adhesive strength, enhanced electroconductivity, good cytocompatibility in vitro, and high biocompatibility in vivo.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhen Jiang et al.
Summary: This study introduces a novel design strategy for hydrogel actuators, which combines thermoinduced microphase separation and mechanical alignment to achieve excellent mechanical properties and ultrafast actuation. The design enables shape reprogrammability and opens up new possibilities for real-world applications of smart hydrogels in soft robotics.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Qingtian Zhang et al.
Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing demand for wearable strain sensors with positive piezoconductivity due to their motion monitoring and clinical data collection capabilities. This study presents a wearable sensor based on a positive piezoconductive composite, showing high stretchability and sensitivity for detecting human motions. Additionally, a wearable sign language communication device is demonstrated, allowing people with language disabilities to communicate effectively through finger movements.
SMART MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ming Wang et al.
Summary: A novel fully polymeric conductive hydrogel was developed based on LMNP activation and PAA backbone with PEDOT:BCNF nanomaterials as conductive fillers, exhibiting ultra-stretchability, rapid self-healing, multi-sensory capabilities, and antibacterial properties. With transparency, moldability, and sensory features, this multifunctional hydrogel holds promise for applications in wearable devices and electronics.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Zeyu Zuo et al.
Summary: The study investigated the effect of in situ precipitation on the mechanical properties of PVA hydrogels using different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solutions for immersion. The results showed significant changes in tensile and compressive properties of the hydrogel after immersion, as well as a shift in fracture behavior from brittle to ductile. Additionally, a continuous multiphase network model was used to describe the tensile behavior, showing that macroscopic failure corresponded to the peak of fracture distribution.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Pengcheng Wu et al.
Summary: This study presents a novel self-sintering technique using LM-LAPONITE (R) (LML) ink to prepare thin conductive patterns without the need for subsequent sintering operations. The technique utilizes capillary force between nanoparticles to sinter LM droplets, making it substrate-friendly to various types of substrates, including both rigid and soft substrates, and even fragile materials like leaves. By fabricating and investigating flexible electronic devices like NFC tags, leaf circuits, and data gloves, the capability of this strategy for direct manufacturing LM-based flexible electronic devices is demonstrated.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY C
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zhixing Zhang et al.
Summary: A new class of sponge-like porous hydrogel conductors integrating self-healing ability, multiple sensations, and excellent mechanical properties is proposed in this study, resulting from liquid metal-created multiple structures.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Jaehong Lee et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2020)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dong Chan Kim et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2020)
Review
Polymer Science
Yanmin Wang et al.
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
(2020)
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Xu Wang et al.
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(2020)
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Yinjie Peng et al.
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(2020)
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Nan Wen et al.
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Junqi Cai et al.
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Guolin Yun et al.
Review
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Sen Chen et al.
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Guolin Yun et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2019)
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Dimitry Papkov et al.
Review
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Binghao Wang et al.
ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2019)
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ADVANCED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS
(2019)
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Yingchao Zhang et al.
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Meihong Liao et al.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2019)
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Wei Chen et al.
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Haihua Xu et al.
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Hao Peng et al.
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(2019)
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ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2018)
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ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2018)
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Roda Nur et al.
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Zhenwu Wang et al.
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
(2018)
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ADVANCED MATERIALS
(2012)
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Darren J. Lipomi et al.
NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY
(2011)
