5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors and the Risk of Prostate Cancer Mortality in Men Treated for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Objective: To compare the risk of prostate cancer mortality among men treated with 5- alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) with those treated with alpha-adrenergic blockers (ABs) in community practice settings. Patients and Methods: A retrospective matched cohort (N = 174,895) and nested case-control study (N = 18,311) were conducted in 4 regions of an integrated health care system. Men 50 years and older who initiated pharmaceutical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2007, and had at least 3 consecutive prescriptions were followed through December 31, 2010. Adjusted subdistribution hazard ratios, accounting for competing risks of death, and matched odds ratios were used to estimate prostate cancer mortality associated with 5-ARI use (with or without concomitant ABs) as compared with AB use. Results: In the cohort study, 1,053 men died of prostate cancer (mean follow-up, 3 years), 15% among 5-ARI users (N = 25,388) and 85% among AB users (N = 149,507) (unadjusted mortality rate ratio, 0.80). After accounting for competing risks, it was found that 5-ARI use was not associated with prostate cancer mortality when compared with AB use (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72-1.01). Similar results were observed in the case-control study (adjusted matched odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.78-1.17). Conclusion: Among men being pharmaceutically treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 5-ARI use was not associated with an increased risk of prostate cancerespecific mortality when compared with AB use. The increased prevalence of high-grade lesions at the time of diagnosis noted in our study and the chemoprevention trials may not result in increased prostate cancer mortality. (C) 2016 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research