Eco-tourism, climate change, and environmental policies: empirical evidence from developing economies

Developing ecotourism services is a suitable solution to help developing countries improve the status of sustainable development indicators and protect their environment. The primary purpose of this paper is to find out the effects of green governance variables and carbon dioxide emissions on ecotourism for 40 developing economies from 2010 to 2021. The results confirmed a uni-directional causal relationship between the green governance indicator and the inflation rate of the ecotourism indicator. In addition, with a 1% improvement in the green governance index of developing countries, the ecotourism of these countries will increase by 0.43%. In comparison, with a 1% increase in the globalization index of these countries, ecotourism will increase by 0.32%. Moreover, ecotourism in developing countries is more sensitive to macroeconomic variables changes than in developed economies. Geopolitical risk is an influential factor in the developing process of ecotourism. The practical policies recommended by this research are developing the green financing market, establishing virtual tourism, granting green loans to small and medium enterprises, and government incentives to motivate active businesses.

Automated summary

Developing ecotourism services is a suitable solution to help developing countries improve the status of sustainable development indicators and protect their environment. This paper aims to investigate the effects of green governance variables and carbon dioxide emissions on ecotourism in 40 developing economies from 2010 to 2021. The findings reveal a unidirectional causal relationship between the green governance indicator and the inflation rate of the ecotourism indicator. Additionally, a 1% improvement in the green governance index leads to a 0.43% increase in ecotourism in developing countries.