Propulsion Systems, Propellants, Green Propulsion Subsystems and their Applications: A Review

A wide range of propellants, and propulsion systems in space exploration by aircrafts or space vehicles was studied, developed, investigated, and commercialized. Liquid, solid, or hybrid propellants have been used for rocket's launches. In this review, a consistent definition of space propulsion systems, including solid, liquid and hybrid has been given with up-to-date state of developments. A comparison of their performances was made by theoretical and experimental specific impulses. On the other hand, ammonium perchlorate and hydrazine were used as propellants for rocket's launches and for satellite's maneuverings; respectively. However, their high toxicity and their storage problem pushed researchers and scientists to investigate and develop other eco-friendly, propellant systems, so called green propellants, for launch or reaction control systems of satellites.

Automated summary

A wide range of propellants and propulsion systems were studied, developed, investigated, and commercialized for space exploration. Liquid, solid, and hybrid propellants have been utilized for rocket launches. This review provides a comprehensive definition of space propulsion systems and discusses the latest developments. The research compares the performances of various propellants using theoretical and experimental specific impulses. Additionally, the need for eco-friendly propellant systems, known as green propellants, for satellite launch or reaction control systems has pushed researchers to explore alternative options due to the high toxicity and storage challenges associated with ammonium perchlorate and hydrazine.