Multidrug resistance, biofilm formation and detection of blaCTX-M and blaVIM genes in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from chutney served at the street-food stalls of Bharatpur, Nepal

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) amid the bacteria found in ready-to-eat foods is a grave concern today warranting an immediate intervention. The current study was undertaken to explore the status of AMR in E. coli and Salmonella species in ready-to-eat Chutney samples (n = 150) served at the street food stalls in Bharatpur, Nepal, with a major focus on detecting extended-spectrum 13-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo 13-lactamase (MBL) genes along with biofilm formation. Average viable counts, coliform counts, and Salmonella Shigella counts were 1.33 x 106 & PLUSMN;141481.4, 1.83 x 105 & PLUSMN;91303.6, and 1.24 x 105 & PLUSMN;63933.19 respectively. Out of 150 samples, 41 (27.33%) harbored E. coli, of which 7 were E. coli O157:H7; whereas Salmonella spp. were found in 31 (20.67%) samples. Bacterial contamination of Chutney by E. coli and Salmonella and ESBL-production were both found significantly affected by different sources of water used, personal hygiene and literacy rate of the vendors as well as by the type of cleaning materials used to wash knives and chopping boards (P < 0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that imipenem was the most effective drug against both types of bacterial isolates. Additionally, 14 (45.16%) Salmonella isolates and 27 (65.85%) E. coli isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR). Total ESBL (blaCTX-M) producers reported were 4 (12.90%) Salmonella spp. and 9 (21.95%) E. coli. Only 1 (3.23%) Salmonella spp. and 2 (4.88%) E. coli isolates were blaVIM gene carriers. Dissemination of knowledge of personal hygiene amongst the street vendors and consumer awareness regarding ready-to-eat foods are crucial factors that can be suggested to curtail the emergence and transmission of food-borne pathogens.

Automated summary

The study aimed to explore the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) status of E. coli and Salmonella in ready-to-eat Chutney samples served at street food stalls in Bharatpur, Nepal. The results showed bacterial contamination by E. coli and Salmonella, which were significantly affected by different sources of water, personal hygiene, literacy rate of vendors, and cleaning materials. Imipenem was found to be the most effective antibiotic against both types of bacterial isolates. Dissemination of personal hygiene knowledge among street vendors and increasing consumer awareness of ready-to-eat foods are crucial in curbing the emergence and transmission of food-borne pathogens.