4.5 Review

A Review of Advanced Transceiver Technologies in Visible Light Communications

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Article Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture

Performance analysis of SPAD-based optical wireless communication with OFDM

Shenjie Huang et al.

Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using a single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) in optical wireless communication (OWC). SPAD is operated in the Geiger mode and acts as a photon counting receiver, eliminating the need for a transimpedance amplifier. However, SPAD suffers from dead-time-induced nonlinearity. To improve the data rates of SPAD-based OWC systems, optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) can be used. This paper provides a comprehensive theoretical analysis of SPAD-based OWC systems using direct-current-biased optical OFDM signaling, considering various factors such as signal clipping, SPAD nonlinearity, and signal-dependent shot noise. The impact of receiver nonlinearity on system performance is investigated through numerical results.

JOURNAL OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING (2023)

Article Optics

Study of using different colors of fluorescent fibers as optical antennas in white LED based-visible light communications

Cuiwei He et al.

Summary: A fluorescent fiber can act as an optical antenna for visible light communication, enabling simultaneous filtering and light concentration. This compact receiver achieves high concentration gain and a wide field-of-view due to its fluorescence-based principle. The choice of fluorescent fiber depends on factors such as data rate, transmission distance, LED spectrum, and silicon photodetector responsivity.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2023)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

High Bandwidth Semi-Polar InGaN/GaN Micro-LEDs With Low Current Injection for Visible Light Communication

Feifan Xu et al.

Summary: Micro-LEDs with high modulation rates and low power consumption are gaining attention in visible light communication (VLC) technology. Semi-polar micro-LEDs have achieved high bandwidth at low current injection due to reduced quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). Both blue and green semi-polar micro-LEDs demonstrated transmission data rates exceeding 500 MHz. The findings suggest that semi-polar micro-LEDs could significantly contribute to the development of energy-efficient VLC in the future.

IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL (2023)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Micro-LEDs Illuminate Visible Light Communication

Zixian Wei et al.

Summary: Visible light communication (VLC) is an interdisciplinary paradigm that encompasses various technologies. Micro-size light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are excellent candidates for transmitters in high-capacity VLC systems due to their spatio-temporal capability. Novel luminous material, fabrication process, and optical structure are employed to increase the electrical-to-optical (E-O) bandwidth of micro-LED devices. Multi-color and multi-structured micro-LEDs enable superior VLC systems compared to point-to-point architectures. Solutions for >1-GHz micro-LEDs are discussed, along with perspectives on the future evolution of VLC systems using micro-LEDs beyond the fifth/sixth-generation era.

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS MAGAZINE (2023)

Article Optics

Capillary-based fluorescent antenna for visible light communications

Cuiwei He et al.

Summary: This paper presents a novel and flexible method of creating fluorescent optical antennas by filling a glass capillary with a mixture of epoxy and a fluorophore. The antenna can be easily coupled to a photodiode, leading to reduced photon leakage. Results show that using the fluorophore Cm504, which has not been used before in visible light communication systems, can significantly improve modulation bandwidth.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2023)

Article Telecommunications

On the Performance of SPAD-Based Optical Wireless Communication With ACO-OFDM

Shenjie Huang et al.

Summary: This work presents a theoretical performance analysis of SPAD-based OWC system with asymmetrically-clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM). The impact of SPAD nonlinearity on system performance is investigated and compared with DCO-OFDM, showing distinct reliable operation regimes of the two schemes.

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS (2023)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Outage Probability and Average BER of UAV-Assisted Dual-Hop FSO Communication With Amplify-and-Forward Relaying

Guanjun Xu et al.

Summary: This paper presents a unified system performance analysis for UAV-assisted dual-hop FSO/FSO systems, considering factors such as attenuation loss, atmospheric turbulence, pointing error impairments, and angle-of-arrival fluctuations. It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability, average bit error rate, and diversity order of the system. The impact of various system and channel parameters on system performance is studied, and a detailed comparative investigation of modulation schemes is conducted.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY (2023)

Article Optics

All-inorganic halide-perovskite polymer-fiber-photodetector for high-speed optical wireless communication

Chun Hong Kang et al.

Summary: The use of optical carrier frequencies can address the technological gap in terrestrial and underwater internet connections and provide seamless data connection. This study demonstrates the use of halide-perovskite-polymer-based scintillating fibers as a near-omnidirectional detection platform for high-speed optical communication. By incorporating CsPbBr3 nanocrystals into a polymer matrix, the fibers achieve a high photoluminescence quantum yield, Mega-Hertz modulation bandwidth, and Mbit/s data rate.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

46.4 Gbps visible light communication system utilizing a compact tricolor laser transmitter

Junhui Hu et al.

Summary: Visible light communication (VLC) combines wireless communication with white lighting and offers advantages such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, spectrum richness, and high data rates. This paper presents a VLC system based on red/green/blue laser diodes (LDs) with a recorded data rate of 46.41 Gbps. The system employs discrete multitone (DMT) and adaptive bit-loading technology to achieve high spectral efficiency (SE). The transmission characteristics of R/G/B-LDs are discussed, and the optimal data rates for each channel are determined. The bit-error-ratio (BER) of each channel meets the forward-error-correction (FEC) threshold and approaches the channel Shannon limit.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Beyond 25 Gbps optical wireless communication using wavelength division multiplexed LEDs and micro-LEDs

Pengjiang Qiu et al.

Summary: This Letter proposes a high-speed optical wireless communication system based on LEDs and micro-LEDs, achieving simultaneous visible light communication and UV communication using wavelength division multiplexing technology. The system achieves high data transmission rates and demonstrates the advantages and potential of micro-LEDs in optical wireless communication.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

Article Optics

5 Gbps optical wireless communication using commercial SPAD array receivers

Shenjie Huang et al.

Summary: This study investigates the performance of an OWC system using SPAD and OFDM, comparing it with OOK. By employing nonlinear equalization, peak-to-average power ratio optimization, and adaptive bit and energy loading, a record data rate is achieved.

OPTICS LETTERS (2022)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

A Tb/s Indoor MIMO Optical Wireless Backhaul System Using VCSEL Arrays

Hossein Kazemi et al.

Summary: This paper systematically designs a MIMO optical wireless communication (OWC) link based on VCSEL arrays to support data rates in excess of 1 Tb/s for 6G indoor wireless networks. The proposed design combines DCO-OFDM and spatial multiplexing MIMO, and analyzes the impact of alignment errors on system performance, providing new guidelines for designing short-range Tb/s MIMO OWC systems.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS (2022)

Article Optics

Highly Efficient and Ultra-Broadband Yellow Emission of Lead-Free Antimony Halide toward White Light-Emitting Diodes and Visible Light Communication

Qionghua Mo et al.

Summary: A new air-stable hybrid lead-free metal halide with a 0D structure was synthesized, showing high photoluminescence quantum yield and ultra-broadband yellow emission. Warm white light-emitting diodes were proposed by combining with blue LED chips, and were used for visible light communication with high data transmission rate.

LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS (2022)

Article Chemistry, Analytical

Pose Estimation for Visible Light Systems Using a Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture Receiver

Shengqiang Shen et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the pose estimation and calibration problems of the quadrature angular diversity aperture (QADA) receiver. A calibration and pose estimation algorithm based on the least squares principle and an approximated probability density function is proposed. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations.

SENSORS (2022)

Article Optics

DeepGOMIMO: Deep Learning-Aided Generalized Optical MIMO with CSI-Free Detection

Xin Zhong et al.

Summary: In this paper, a novel deep learning-aided GOMIMO (DeepGOMIMO) framework is proposed for high-speed optical wireless communication (OWC) systems. The proposed CSI-free DNN detector achieves near-optimal performance with reduced computational complexity in a typical indoor 4 x 4 MIMO-OWC system.

PHOTONICS (2022)

Article Optics

All-inorganic liquid phase quantum dots and blue laser diode-based white-light source for simultaneous high-speed visible light communication and high-efficiency solid-state lighting

Amjad Ali et al.

Summary: In recent years, cesium lead bromide and cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide quantum dots have been widely studied to enhance the capacity of visible light communication and solid-state lighting. Liquid-phase color converter glass cavities and solid-phase color converter films were fabricated to investigate and compare their performance. A high-quality white laser diode was fabricated by combining blue LD with color conversion layers, achieving bright white light and high-speed visible light communication capability.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2022)

Article Optics

Performance Estimation and Selection Guideline of SiPM Chip within SiPM-Based OFDM-OWC System

Long Zhang et al.

Summary: This paper investigates the origin of SiPM's power-dependent frequency response and proposes a method for predicting the subcarrier SNR. By combining the estimated subcarrier SNR with the bit-loading scheme, a general approach for estimating the fundamental OFDM data rate a SiPM chip can support at a given received power is proposed.

PHOTONICS (2022)

Proceedings Paper Computer Science, Theory & Methods

Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) Selection and Parameter Analysis in Visible Light Communications

Cuiwei He et al.

Summary: This paper analyzes the performance of commercially available SiPMs and their relationship with the nonlinearity in VLC transmission. It proposes design requirements for a good SiPM detector for VLC applications.

2022 31ST WIRELESS AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE (WOCC) (2022)

Article Computer Science, Information Systems

Experimental Demonstration of 55-m/2-Gbps Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Using SiPM Diversity Reception and Nonlinear Decision-Feedback Equalizer

Xiaojian Hong et al.

Summary: In this paper, a 55m/2 Gbps underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system is proposed and experimentally demonstrated using silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) diversity reception and nonlinear decision-feedback equalizer (NDFE). The system mitigates the dead-time induced nonlinear distortion of SiPM-based UWOC and achieves significant performance improvement under different turbidity waters.

IEEE ACCESS (2022)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

The Impact of the Length of Fluorescent Fiber Concentrators on the Performance of VLC Receivers

W. Ali et al.

Summary: Fluorophore-doped plastic optical fibers can be used to create optical concentrators and filters for visible light communications, with the optimal fiber length depending on the data rate. However, a simple calculation can determine a suitable length for a range of OOK data rates.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

OFDM-Based Generalized Optical MIMO

Chen Chen et al.

Summary: This paper proposes four OFDM-based generalized optical MIMO techniques for OWC systems, performing spatial mapping in frequency and time domains. ML detection algorithms are designed to efficiently estimate spatial and constellation symbols, and simulation results demonstrate the existence of an optimal GO-MIMO technique for achieving target spectral efficiency in a specific indoor environment.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2021)

Article Optics

Dual-wavelength luminescent fibers receiver for wide field-of-view, Gb/s underwater optical wireless communication

Mohammed Sait et al.

Summary: Extending the field-of-view of underwater wireless optical communication receivers can reduce the need for active positioning and tracking mechanisms. By implementing a zero-forcing approach to minimize interchannel crosstalk, a net aggregated UWOC data rate of 1 Gb/s was achieved using two wavelengths and a non-return-to-zero on-off keying scheme.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

NOMA for Energy-Efficient LiFi-Enabled Bidirectional IoT Communication

Chen Chen et al.

Summary: This paper investigates a bidirectional IoT communication system using LiFi technology, improving energy efficiency through NOMA and optimal power allocation. Additionally, an adaptive channel and QoS-based user pairing approach is proposed for better performance.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Materials Science, Multidisciplinary

Efficiently Luminescent and Stable Lead-free Cs3Cu2Cl5@ Silica Nanocrystals for White Light-Emitting Diodes and Communication

Shuangyi Zhao et al.

Summary: The sol-gel reaction using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as a coating precursor for Cs3Cu2Cl5@SiOx NCs enhances their stability and photoluminescence quantum yield, leading to the fabrication of high-quality warm white light-emitting diodes. Additionally, the good white light emission enables potential applications in visible light communication.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2021)

Article Engineering, Environmental

Highly stable CsPbBr3 quantum dots by silica-coating and ligand modification for white light-emitting diodes and visible light communication

Xianwen Li et al.

Summary: In this study, stable DDAB-capped CsPbBr3 QDs coated with silica were prepared using a simple method, leading to improved PLQY and stability. These QDs were then applied in high-performance WLEDs, demonstrating excellent luminescent performance and potential for visible light communication.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (2021)

Article Optics

Single-photon detection for MIMO underwater wireless optical communication enabled by arrayed LEDs and SiPMs

Jinjia Li et al.

Summary: SiPMs are modern solid-state photodetectors with high sensitivity to detect weak light signals in underwater communication; the combination of SiPM advantages and the MIMO scheme shows potential for long-distance UWOC under optical turbulence.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

Article Optics

Demonstration of >1Tbit/s WDM OWC with wavelength-transparent beam tracking-and-steering capability

Yang Hong et al.

Summary: Beam tracking-and-steering is essential for high-speed, narrow beam optical wireless communication systems. In this study, a high-capacity (>1Tbit/s) ten-channel wavelength-division multiplexed OWC system based on discrete multitone transmission is demonstrated using low-cost cameras for tracking and mirrors for steering. The results achieved the highest aggregate OWC capacity at this coverage over a 3.5-m perpendicular distance and up to 1.8 m lateral coverage.

OPTICS EXPRESS (2021)

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Si-substrate LEDs with multiple superlattice interlayers for beyond 24 Gbps visible light communication

Fangchen Hu et al.

Summary: This study experimentally investigated the impact of SL period number on VLC performance and designed a multichromatic Si-substrate wavelength-division-multiplexing LED array chip for high-speed VLC transmission. The results validate the effectiveness of Si-substrate LEDs for high-speed VLC applications and pave the way for further advancements in this field.

PHOTONICS RESEARCH (2021)

Proceedings Paper Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

DCO-OFDM Channel Sounding with a SiPM Receiver

William Matthews et al.

Summary: OFDM modulation requires a linear channel, while SiPMs receivers have a non-linear response, making them incompatible. By combining OFDM and SiPMs through an easily implemented method, the bit error rate can be successfully limited below the forward error correction threshold.

2021 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE PHOTONICS SOCIETY (IPC) (2021)

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Giga-Bit Transmission Between an Eye-Safe Transmitter and Wide Field-of-View SiPM Receiver

Wajahat Ali et al.

Summary: This paper reports the performance of a wide field of view VLC receiver that includes a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), demonstrating a receiver field of view of +/- 45 degrees and On-Off keying data rates of 1.8 Gbps in 500 lux of ambient light. Results show that combining optical absorption filters with a 6 mm by 6 mm SiPM can ensure that the SiPM is not saturated and reduce transmitter power, allowing for data rates of over 1 Gbps with eye safe transmitters.

IEEE ACCESS (2021)

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Signal Pre-Equalization in a Silicon Photomultiplier-Based Optical OFDM System

Cuiwei He et al.

Summary: This study investigates a new time domain signal pre-equalization method for optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) based receiver to compensate for the impact of the finite recovery time of microcells during signal transmission.

IEEE ACCESS (2021)

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245MHz bandwidth organic light-emitting diodes used in a gigabit optical wireless data link

Kou Yoshida et al.

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Optical Antennas for Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Visible Light Communications beyond the etendue Limit

Pavlos P. Manousiadis et al.

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Visible light communication with efficient far-red/near-infrared polymer light-emitting diodes

Alessandro Minotto et al.

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Dominic O'Brien et al.

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User-Centric MIMO Techniques for Indoor Visible Light Communication Systems

Chen Chen et al.

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Space Division Multiple Access With Distributed User Grouping for Multi-User MIMO-VLC Systems

Chen Chen et al.

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Deep Learning Aided Signal Detection for SPAD-Based Underwater Optical Wireless Communications

Rui Jiang et al.

IEEE ACCESS (2020)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

15.73 Gb/s Visible Light Communication With Off-the-Shelf LEDs

Rui Bian et al.

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The Future Prospects for SiPM-Based Receivers for Visible Light Communications

Long Zhang et al.

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High-Bandwidth White-Light System Combining a Micro-LED with Perovskite Quantum Dots for Visible Light Communication

Shiliang Mei et al.

ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES (2018)

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A 3-D Positioning Algorithm for AOA-Based VLP With an Aperture-Based Receiver

Heidi Steendam

IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS (2018)

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A Comparison of APD- and SPAD-Based Receivers for Visible Light Communications

Long Zhang et al.

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Reduction of SINR Fluctuation in Indoor Multi-Cell VLC Systems Using Optimized Angle Diversity Receiver

Chen Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2018)

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Experimental study of SPAD-based long distance outdoor VLC systems

Ya-wei Ji et al.

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Joint Precoder and Equalizer Design for Multi-User Multi-Cell MIMO VLC Systems

Helin Yang et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY (2018)

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Performance Analysis of Aperture-Based Receivers for MIMO IM/DD Visible Light Communications

Thomas Q. Wang et al.

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A Multigigabit per Second Integrated Multiple-Input Multiple-Output VLC Demonstrator

Sujan Rajbhandari et al.

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BODIPY star-shaped molecules as solid state colour converters for visible light communications

D. A. Vithanage et al.

APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS (2016)

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High Bandwidth GaN-Based Micro-LEDs for Multi-Gb/s Visible Light Communications

Ricardo X. G. Ferreira et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2016)

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MIMO Interference Channel Between Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Modulation

Dushyantha A. Basnayaka et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS (2016)

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LED Based Wavelength Division Multiplexed 10 Gb/s Visible Light Communications

Hyunchae Chun et al.

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Perovskite Nanocrystals as a Color Converter for Visible Light Communication

Ibrahim Dursun et al.

ACS PHOTONICS (2016)

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Performance Comparison Between Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial Modulation in Indoor MIMO Visible Light Communication Systems

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2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS (ICC) (2016)

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Indoor MIMO Visible Light Communications: Novel Angle Diversity Receivers for Mobile Users

Asanka Nuwanpriya et al.

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MIMO Optical Wireless Communications Using ACO-OFDM and a Prism-Array Receiver

Thomas Q. Wang et al.

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Wavelength-Multiplexed Polymer LEDs: Towards 55 Mb/s Organic Visible Light Communications

Paul Anthony Haigh et al.

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Performance of Optical Receivers Using Photodetectors With Different Fields of View in a MIMO ACO-OFDM System

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Fractional Frequency Reuse in DCO-OFDM-Based Optical Attocell Networks

Cheng Chen et al.

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Novel Fast Color-Converter for Visible Light Communication Using a Blend of Conjugated Polymers

Muhammad T. Sajjad et al.

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Fluorescent Red-Emitting BODIPY Oligofluorene Star-Shaped Molecules as a Color Converter Material for Visible Light Communications

Muhammad T. Sajjad et al.

ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS (2015)

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Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective

Mohammad Ali Khalighi et al.

IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS (2014)

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High-Spatial-Diversity Imaging Receiver Using Fisheye Lens for Indoor MIMO VLCs

Te Chen et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2014)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Visible Light Communication Using a Blue GaN μLED and Fluorescent Polymer Color Converter

Hyunchae Chun et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2014)

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A 3-Gb/s Single-LED OFDM-Based Wireless VLC Link Using a Gallium Nitride μLED

Dobroslav Tsonev et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2014)

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A SPAD-Based Photon Detecting System for Optical Communications

Danial Chitnis et al.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2014)

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A Gigabit/s Indoor Wireless Transmission Using MIMO-OFDM Visible-Light Communications

Ahmad Helmi Azhar et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2013)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Performance Comparison of MIMO Techniques for Optical Wireless Communications in Indoor Environments

Thilo Fath et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS (2013)

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A Study of Illumination and Communication using Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Hyunchae Chun et al.

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Analysis of An Optical Wireless Receiver Using a Hemispherical Lens With Application in MIMO Visible Light Communications

Thomas Q. Wang et al.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2013)

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1.1-Gb/s White-LED-Based Visible Light Communication Employing Carrier-Less Amplitude and Phase Modulation

Fang-Ming Wu et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2012)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Exploiting Equalization Techniques for Improving Data Rates in Organic Optoelectronic Devices for Visible Light Communications

Paul Anthony Haigh et al.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2012)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Visible-Light Communications Using a CMOS-Controlled Micro-Light-Emitting-Diode Array

Jonathan J. D. McKendry et al.

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1-Gb/s Transmission Over a Phosphorescent White LED by Using Rate-Adaptive Discrete Multitone Modulation

A. M. Khalid et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS JOURNAL (2012)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

High-Speed Visible Light Communications Using Individual Pixels in a Micro Light-Emitting Diode Array

Jonathan J. D. McKendry et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2010)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

513 Mbit/s Visible Light Communications Link Based on DMT-Modulation of a White LED

Jelena Vucic et al.

JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY (2010)

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High Data Rate Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Optical Wireless Communications Using White LED Lighting

Lubin Zeng et al.

IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS (2009)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

100-Mb/s NRZ Visible Light Communications Using a Postequalized White LED

Hoa Le Minh et al.

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS (2009)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Spatial modulation

Raed Y. Mesleh et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY (2008)

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Power efficient optical OFDM

J Armstrong et al.

ELECTRONICS LETTERS (2006)

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Fundamental analysis for visible-light communication system using LED lights

T Komine et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS (2004)

Article Engineering, Electrical & Electronic

Integrated system of white LED visible-light communication and power-line communication

T Komine et al.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS (2003)