Phenotypic Plasticity Strategy of Aeluropus lagopoides Grass in Response to Heterogenous Saline Habitats

Simple Summary Plants adapt themselves to harsh environmental conditions by changing morphological parameters through phenotypic plasticity. Plants modify their functional traits and allocate biomass to either tolerate or resist the stress caused by their variable habitats. In this study, we observed that Aeluropus lagopoides, being among the few halophytic palatable species of salt marshes, adapt to the harsh salt marshes of different eco-regions by significantly modifying its morphological and physiological traits. Due to this structural modification, this plant showed great potential to rehabilitate different inland and coastal saline flat areas (sabkha), taking saline agriculture and soil remediation into consideration. Understanding the response variation of morphological parameters and biomass allocation of plants in heterogeneous saline environments is helpful in evaluating the internal correlation between plant phenotypic plasticity mechanism and biomass allocation. The plasticity of plants alters the interaction among individuals and their environment and consequently affects the population dynamics and aspects of community and ecosystem functioning. The current study aimed to assess the plasticity of Aeluropus lagopoides traits with variation in saline habitats. Understanding the habitat stress tolerance strategy of A. lagopoides is of great significance since it is one of the highly palatable forage grass in the summer period. Five different saline flat regions (coastal and inland) within Saudi Arabia were targeted, and the soil, as well as the morphological and physiological traits of A. lagopoides, were assessed. Comprehensive correlation analyses were performed to correlate the traits with soil, region, or among each other. The soil analysis revealed significant variation among the five studied regions for all measured parameters, as well as among the soil layers showing the highest values in the upper layer and decreased with the depth. Significant differences were determined for all tested parameters of the morphological and reproductive traits as well as for the biomass allocation of A. lagopoides, except for the leaf thickness. In the highly saline region, Qaseem, A. lagopoides showed stunted aerial growth, high root/shoot ratio, improved root development, and high biomass allocation. In contrast, the populations growing in the low saline region (Jizan) showed the opposite trend. Under the more stressful condition, like in Qaseem and Salwa, A. lagopoides produce low spikes in biomass and seeds per plant, compared to the lowest saline habitats, such as Jouf. There was no significant difference in physiological parameters except stomatal conductance (g(s)), which is highest in the Jizan region. In conclusion, the population of A. lagopoides is tolerant of harsh environments through phenotypic plasticity. This could be a candidate species to rehabilitate the saline habitats, considering saline agriculture and saline soil remediation.

Automated summary

Plants adapt to harsh environments by changing their morphological parameters through phenotypic plasticity. Aeluropus lagopoides, a halophytic species, adapts to different salt marshes by modifying its morphological and physiological traits. Understanding the response of plants to saline environments is important for evaluating the correlation between phenotypic plasticity and biomass allocation.