Lahaul-Zanskar-Sham Valley Corridor in Indian Trans Himalayan Region Facilitates Dispersal and Gene Flow in Himalayan Ibex

Simple Summary Wildlife corridors play a pivotal role to support free ranging wildlife in rapid changing landscapes which remains vulnerable due to growing human population, together with unplanned urbanization, industrialization, developmental activities and the inverse impacts of climate change. This triggers for undertaking urgent actions to not only ensure their long-term survival, but also securing sustainable socio-economic and environmental development. Using landscape genetics approach, we in the present study examined the movement and dispersal patterns of a wild mountain ungulate, Himalayan ibex which is considered an ecological engineer and also imparts a major prey base to the large carnivores in Indian trans-Himalayan Region. We identified the Lahaul-Zanskar-Sham valley (L-Z-SV) corridor supports the bidirectional movement of Himalayan ibex, and suggest science driven management interventions for the conservation of Himalayan ibex and other sympatric ungulates in the trans-Himalayan region. Wildlife corridors that connect mosaic habitats in heterogeneous mountainous landscapes can be of high significance as they facilitate the genetic and demographic stability of free-ranging populations. Peripheral populations of widespread species are usually ignored in conservation planning. However, these populations retain locally common alleles and are genetic reservoir under the changing climatic conditions. Capra sibirica has widespread distribution, and its southern peripheral population is distributed in the Indian trans-Himalayan region (ITR). In the present study, we studied the spatial distribution and genetic make-up of Himalayan ibex from the ITR following the landscape genetics approach. We obtained 16 haplotypes at the mitochondrial d-loop region and found a stable demography in the past with a recent decline. With 10 nuclear microsatellites, we ascertained 111 unique individuals assigned into two clusters following Bayesian and non-Bayesian clustering analysis with several admixed individuals. We also recorded 25 first-generation migrants that reflected relatively high dispersal and gene-flow across the range. We identified a 19,835 sq.km suitable area with 13,311 sq.km in Ladakh and 6524 sq.km in Lahaul-Spiti. We identified a novel movement corridor for Himalayan ibex across the Lahaul-Zanskar-Sham valley (L-Z-SV) that displayed a fairly good conductance with low genetic divergence among the samples collected on the L-Z-SV corridor. We propose declaring a protected area in the Lahaul and Kargil districts to prioritize dedicated conservation efforts for the Himalayan ibex and other sympatric ungulates that impart a major role in the diet of large carnivore and balancing ecosystem services in the trans-Himalayan region.

Automated summary

Wildlife corridors are crucial to support free-ranging wildlife in rapidly changing landscapes. In this study, using landscape genetics approach, the movement and dispersal patterns of Himalayan ibex were examined in the Indian trans-Himalayan Region. It was found that the Lahaul-Zanskar-Sham valley corridor supports bidirectional movement of Himalayan ibex, suggesting the need for conservation interventions in the region.