Analysis of well-annotated next-generation sequencing data reveals increasing cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with Omicron

Analysis of next-generation sequencing data linked with clinical metadata from individuals reinfected with SARS-CoV-2 in a Danish cohort reveals that Omicron reinfections tend to occur at a higher frequency and within a shorter time interval compared to pre-Omicron variants. SARS-CoV-2 has extensively mutated creating variants of concern (VOC) resulting in global infection surges. The Omicron VOC reinfects individuals exposed to earlier variants of SARS-CoV-2 at a higher frequency than previously seen for non-Omicron VOC. An analysis of the sub-lineages associated with an Omicron primary infection and Omicron reinfection reveals that the incidence of Omicron-Omicron reinfections is occurring over a shorter time interval than seen after a primary infection with a non-Omicron VOC. Our analysis suggests that a single infection from SARS-CoV-2 may not generate the protective immunity required to defend against reinfections from emerging Omicron lineages. This analysis was made possible by Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of a Danish cohort with clinical metadata on both infections occurring in the same individual. We suggest that the continuation of COVID-19 NGS and inclusion of clinical metadata is necessary to ensure effective surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 genomics, assist in treatment and vaccine development, and guide public health recommendations.

Automated summary

Analysis of next-generation sequencing data linked with clinical metadata reveals that Omicron reinfections occur at a higher frequency and within a shorter time interval compared to pre-Omicron variants. This suggests that a single infection may not generate the protective immunity required to defend against Omicron reinfections. Continued next-generation sequencing and inclusion of clinical metadata is necessary for effective surveillance, treatment, vaccine development, and public health recommendations.