Human Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity in Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from a Population-Based Study

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products contribute to the development of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Excessive XOR activity is believed to promote inflammatory responses and atherosclerotic plaque formation, which are major cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms of XOR activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coupled with the complexity of the relationship between XOR activity and the biological effects of uric acid; reactive oxygen species; and nitric oxide, which are the major products of XOR activity, have long been debated, but have not yet been clearly elucidated. Recently, a system for measuring highly sensitive XOR activity in human plasma was established, and there has been progress in the research on the mechanisms of XOR activity. In addition, there are accumulating findings about the relationship between XOR activity and CVD. In this narrative review, we summarize existing knowledge regarding plasma XOR activity and its relationship with CVD and discuss future perspectives.

Automated summary

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and its products are important contributors to chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Excessive XOR activity is believed to promote inflammatory responses and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are major cardiovascular risk factors. The mechanisms of XOR activity in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), as well as the complex relationship between XOR activity and the biological effects of uric acid, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, have been debated but not yet clearly elucidated. Recent advancements in measuring XOR activity in human plasma and accumulating findings on the relationship between XOR activity and CVD have shed light on this topic. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge on plasma XOR activity and its association with CVD, and discuss future perspectives.