Surfactants, being amphiphilic molecules, are crucial in various industries such as agriculture, medicine, personal care, food, and petroleum. Traditional surfactants derived from petroleum not only lead to petroleum pollution but also cause environmental damage. Therefore, newer techniques involving biosurfactants of microbial or plant origins have been suggested for their advantages in terms of biodegradability, toxicity, raw material availability, and applicability. This review focuses on the advantages of biosurfactants over synthetic surfactants and explores their potential applications, market aspects, and future directions.
Surfactants are a group of amphiphilic molecules (i.e., having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains) that are a vital part of nearly every contemporary industrial process such as in agriculture, medicine, personal care, food, and petroleum. In general surfactants can be derived from (i) petroleum-based sources or (ii) microbial/plant origins. Petroleum-based surfactants are obvious results from petroleum products, which lead to petroleum pollution and thus pose severe problems to the environment leading to various ecological damages. Thus, newer techniques have been suggested for deriving surfactant molecules and maintaining environmental sustainability. Biosurfactants are surfactants of microbial or plant origins and offer much added advantages such as high biodegradability, lesser toxicity, ease of raw material availability, and easy applicability. Thus, they are also termed green surfactants. In this regard, this review focused on the advantages of biosurfactants over the synthetic surfactants produced from petroleum-based products along with their potential applications in different industries. We also provided their market aspects and future directions that can be considered with selections of biosurfactants. This would open up new avenues for surfactant research by overcoming the existing bottlenecks in this field.
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